膝溝藻屬

膝溝藻屬
科學分類
演化支：	SAR 超類群 SAR
演化支：	囊泡蟲類 Alveolata
總綱：	雙鞭毛蟲門 Dinoflagellata
綱：	橫裂甲藻綱 Dinophyceae
目：	膝溝藻目 Gonyaulacales
科：	膝溝藻科 Gonyaulacaceae
屬：	膝溝藻屬 Gonyaulax; Diesing, 1866
物種
	見正文
異名
	Conyaulax Linko, 1907; Goniaulax Rauschenplat, 1901; Roulea Gourret, 1883; Spiraulaxina Loeblich Iii, 1970; Steiniella Schütt, 1895;

膝溝藻屬（學名：Gonyaulax），其物種一般稱作膝溝藻（^[1]，是雙鞭毛蟲門的一個屬，模式種是具刺膝溝藻（Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing）。本屬物種是已知可引起赤潮的一個甲藻的屬^[2]。

下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：

Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax ambigua Deflandre, 1941
Gonyaulax apiculata (Pénard) Entz
Gonyaulax apionis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
Gonyaulax balechii Karen A. Steidinger (1971) Gonyaulax balechii sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) with a discussion of the genera Gonyaulax and Heteraulacus, Phycologia, 10:2-3, 183-187, DOI: 10.2216/i0031-8884-10-2-183.1
Gonyaulax birostris F.Stein
Gonyaulax bulloidea Cookson & Eisenack, 1960
Gonyaulax catenella
角突膝溝藻 Gonyaulax ceratocoroides Kofoid, 1910
Gonyaulax clathrata Cookson & Eisenack, 1960
Gonyaulax clevei Ostenfeld, 1902
Gonyaulax cochlea Meunier, 1919
Gonyaulax diaphanis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
雙刺膝溝藻 Gonyaulax diegensis Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax diegensis-digitale
粗刺膝溝藻 Gonyaulax digitale (Pouchet) Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax edwardsi Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
Gonyaulax eisenacki Deflandre, 1938
Gonyaulax ellegaardiae Mertens, 2015 ^[3]
Gonyaulax eumorpha Cookson & Eisenack, 1960
Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech
Gonyaulax fragilis (F.Schütt) Kofoid, 1911^[4]
紡錘膝溝藻 Gonyaulax fusiformis Graham, 1942
Gonyaulax geomunensis ^[5]
Gonyaulax grindleyi P.Reinecke
Gonyaulax helensis Woloszyska, 1928
Gonyaulax hyalina Ostenfeld & Schmidt
Gonyaulax hyalodermopsis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
Gonyaulax inflata (Kof.) Kof., 1911
焦氏漆溝藻 Gonyaulax jolliffei Murray & Whitting, 1899
Gonyaulax jurassica Deflandre, 1938
Gonyaulax kofoidii Pavill.
Gonyaulax longicornu
Gonyaulax milneri (Murray & Whitting, 1899) Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax minima Matzenauer, 1933
Gonyaulax minuta
帽狀膝溝藻 Gonyaulax mitra Schütt Kofoid,1911
Gonyaulax monacantha Pavill.
Gonyaulax monilata
Gonyaulax monocantha
Gonyaulax muderongensis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
Gonyaulax nana Schiller, 1937
Gonyaulax nezaniae H.Gu et K.N.Mertens 2021
Gonyaulax nigricans (J.Schiller) Balech
東方膝溝藻 Gonyaulax orientalis
Gonyaulax ovalis Schiller, 1929
太平洋膝溝藻 Gonyaulax pacifica Kofoid, 1907
Gonyaulax palustris Lemmermann
Gonyaulax parva Ramsfjell
Gonyaulax perforans Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
多邊膝溝藻 Gonyaulax polyedra Stein,1883
多紋膝溝藻 Gonyaulax polygramma Stein, 1883^[6]^[7]
Gonyaulax rugosum Wailes, 1928
Gonyaulax scotti Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
Gonyaulax scrippsae Kofoid, 1911
Gonyaulax serrata Cookson & Eisenack, 1958
Gonyaulax sphaeroidea Kof.
具刺膝溝藻 Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866，底刺膝溝藻
Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour, 1925
Gonyaulax turbynei G.Murray & F.Whitting
Gonyaulax unicornis Lebour
春膝溝藻 Gonyaulax verior Sournia, 1973
Gonyaulax whaseongensis A.S.Lim, H.J.Jeong et Ji Hye Kim 2018

赤潮

赤潮是因為海水被諸如膝溝藻屬物種這類有顏色的細胞在海洋中泛濫，從而令海水看起來像變了顏色似的。部分膝溝藻屬物種會產生毒素。舉例說：具刺膝溝藻（Gonyaulax spinifera）已知與蝦夷扇貝毒素的生成相關；而扇貝毒素是一組在結構上與聚醚相關的毒素，能夠在食用貝殼類生物的體內累積，並產生跟中了麻痺性貝毒（PSP）類似的病徵^[8]。

參考文獻

^ 膝溝藻. 教育百科. [2021-03-10] （中文（繁體））.
^ Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina. Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 1995-04-28, 9: 55 [2015-04-25]. doi:10.3354/ame009055. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-10）.
^ Mertens KN, Aydin H, Uzar S, Takano Y, Yamaguchi A, Matsuoka K. Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization. J. Phycol. 2015, 51 (3): 560–73. PMID 26986670. doi:10.1111/jpy.12304.
^ syn. Steiniella fragilis Schütt AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ Hyun Jung Kim, Zhun Li, Haifeng Gu, Kenneth Neil Mertens, Joo Yeon Youn, Kyeong Yoon Kwak, Seok-Jin Oh, Kyoungsoon Shin, Yeong Du Yoo, Wonchoel Lee & Hyeon Ho Shin (2023) Gonyaulax geomunensis sp. nov. and two allied species (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from Korean coastal waters and East China Sea: morphology, phylogeny and growth response to changes in temperature and salinity, Phycologia, 62:1, 48-67, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2022.2140548
^ syn. G. schuettii Lemmermann 1899 AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
^ 潘雪峰; 張鷹; 劉吉堂. 海州湾多纹膝沟藻赤潮的动态相关分析. 《海洋環境科學》 (植物通). 2007, 2007年 (06期): 523–526 [2021-03-10] （中文（簡體））.
^ Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Fleming, Lora E.; Squicciarini, Dominick; Backer, Lorrie C.; Clark, Richard; Abraham, William; Benson, Janet; Cheng, Yung Sung; Johnson, David. Literature review of Florida red tide: implications for human health effects. Harmful Algae. 2004-04-01, 3 (2): 99–115. PMC 2856946  . PMID 20411030. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2003.08.005.

延伸閱讀

White, A W. Marine zoo plankton can accumulate and retain dinoflagellate toxins and cause fish kills. ASOL Limnology and Oceanography. Jan 1981, 26 (1): 103–9. Bibcode:1981LimOc..26..103W. JSTOR 2835810. doi:10.4319/lo.1981.26.1.0103  .
Diaz, Patricio; Molinet, Carlos; Seguel, Miriam; Labra, Gissela; Figueroa, Rosa. Coupling planktonic and benthic shifts during a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in southern Chile: Implications for bloom dynamics and recurrence. Harmful Algae. December 2014, 40 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.001  .

外部連結

[pediacloud-1] 膝溝藻. 教育百科. [2021-03-10] （中文（繁體））.

[2] Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina. Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 1995-04-28, 9: 55 [2015-04-25]. doi:10.3354/ame009055. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-10）.

[3] Mertens KN, Aydin H, Uzar S, Takano Y, Yamaguchi A, Matsuoka K. Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization. J. Phycol. 2015, 51 (3): 560–73. PMID 26986670. doi:10.1111/jpy.12304.

[4] syn. Steiniella fragilis Schütt AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[5] Hyun Jung Kim, Zhun Li, Haifeng Gu, Kenneth Neil Mertens, Joo Yeon Youn, Kyeong Yoon Kwak, Seok-Jin Oh, Kyoungsoon Shin, Yeong Du Yoo, Wonchoel Lee & Hyeon Ho Shin (2023) Gonyaulax geomunensis sp. nov. and two allied species (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from Korean coastal waters and East China Sea: morphology, phylogeny and growth response to changes in temperature and salinity, Phycologia, 62:1, 48-67, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2022.2140548

[6] syn. G. schuettii Lemmermann 1899 AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

[7] 潘雪峰; 張鷹; 劉吉堂. 海州湾多纹膝沟藻赤潮的动态相关分析. 《海洋環境科學》 (植物通). 2007, 2007年 (06期): 523–526 [2021-03-10] （中文（簡體））.

[8] Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Fleming, Lora E.; Squicciarini, Dominick; Backer, Lorrie C.; Clark, Richard; Abraham, William; Benson, Janet; Cheng, Yung Sung; Johnson, David. Literature review of Florida red tide: implications for human health effects. Harmful Algae. 2004-04-01, 3 (2): 99–115. PMC 2856946  . PMID 20411030. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2003.08.005.

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