鑀化合物

鑀化合物是錒系金屬元素鑀（Es）形成的化合物。在這些化合物中，鑀主要呈現+3價，但+2和+4價的化合物也是已知的。

鑀化合物的性質

鑀化合物的晶體學性質
化合物	顏色	晶系	空間群	序號	Pearson符號	晶胞參數（pm）
化合物	顏色	晶系	空間群	序號	Pearson符號	a	b	c
Es₂O₃	無色	Cubic	Ia3	206	cI80	1076.6
Es₂O₃	無色	Monoclinic	C2/m	12	mS30	1411	359	880
Es₂O₃	無色	Hexagonal	P3m1	164	hP5	370		600
EsF₃		Hexagonal
EsF₄		Monoclinic^[1]	C2/c	15	mS60
EsCl₃	橙色	Hexagonal^[2]	C6₃/m		hP8	727		410
EsBr₃	黃色	Monoclinic^[3]	C2/m	12	mS16	727	1259	681
EsI₃	黃褐色	Hexagonal^[4]^[5]	R3	148	hR24	753		2084
EsOCl		Tetragonal^[4]	P4/nmm			394.8		670.2

無機鑀化合物

氧化鑀(III)（Es₂O₃）為無色立方晶體，可以通過灼燒硝酸鑀(III)製得。^[6]^[7]它的另外兩相，單斜和六方也是已知的，^[8]其中六方相與氧化鑭同構，Es³⁺有六配位的O²⁻環繞。^[9]^[4]

鑀配合物

鑀具有強放射性，這使之在放射治療中有潛在應用。它的很多配合物已被合成，鑀原子在體內會被輸送到人體內特定的器官中。目前已有向狗的體內注射檸檬酸鑀的實驗。^[10]鑀(III)也能和β-二酮配位，在製備時，會將其用Gd³⁺稀釋1000倍，以減小輻射分解，讓化合物在測試所需的20分鐘內保持一定程度上的穩定。由於化合物中的組分阻礙了螯合配體至Es³⁺的有效能量轉移，其發光很弱而無法被檢測到。^[11]

而Es³⁺的螢光可以在鹽酸溶液中或二(2-乙基己基)磷酸的有機溶液中探測到，被綠光（~495 nm）激發時，它在約1064 nm處有寬峰（半峰寬~100 nm）。^[12]

鑀單陽離子（Es⁺）和五甲基環戊二烯的氣相反應已有報道。^[13]

鑀後元素化合物

鑀後錒系元素（鐨、鍆、鍩、鐒）的固體化合物尚未製得，僅溶液化學有所研究。鐨和鍆在溶液中以三價離子的形式存在，它們可以被還原為二價的Fm²⁺或Md²⁺。^[14]^[15]鍩也存在+2價和+3價，但其最穩定的價態是+2價，它也是f區元素中唯一一個+2價最為常見且在水溶液中穩定的元素。^[16]鐒在溶液中以+3價的形式存在，和鑥類似，試圖在水溶液中將Lr³⁺還原至Lr²⁺或Lr⁺的實驗未能成功。

參考文獻

^ Kleinschmidt, P. Thermochemistry of the actinides. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 1994,. 213–214: 169–172 [2019-07-14]. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-16）.
^ Fujita, D.; Cunningham, B. B.; Parsons, T. C. Crystal structures and lattice parameters of einsteinium trichloride and einsteinium oxychloride. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1969, 5 (4): 307–313 [2019-07-14]. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80203-5. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-13）.
^ Fellows, R.; Peterson, J. R.; Noé, M.; Young, J. P.; Haire, R. G. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies of crystalline einsteinium(III) bromide, ²⁵³EsBr₃. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1975, 11 (11): 737–742. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(75)80090-0.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Haire, pp. 1595–1596
^ Seaborg, p. 62
^ Greenwood, p. 1268
^ Haire, R. G.; Baybarz, R. D. Identification and analysis of einsteinium sesquioxide by electron diffraction. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1973, 35 (2): 489–496. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(73)80561-5.
^ Haire, p. 1598
^ Haire, R. G. & Eyring, L. Lanthanides and Actinides Chemistry. K.A. Gscheidner, Jr.; et al (編). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths 18. North-Holland, New York. 1994: 414–505. ISBN 978-0-444-81724-2.
^ Haire, p. 1579
^ Nugent, Leonard J.; Burnett, J. L.; Baybarz, R. D.; Werner, George Knoll; Tanner, S. P.; Tarrant, J. R.; Keller, O. L. Intramolecular energy transfer and sensitized luminescence in actinide(III) .beta.-diketone chelates. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1969, 73 (5): 1540–1549. doi:10.1021/j100725a060.
^ Beitz, J.; Wester, D.; Williams, C. 5f state interaction with inner coordination sphere ligands: Es³⁺ ion fluorescence in aqueous and organic phases. Journal of the Less Common Metals. 1983, 93 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(83)90178-9.
^ Gibson, John K.; Haire, Richard G. Activation of Pentamethylcyclopentadiene by Bk⁺, Cf⁺, and Es⁺ Ions in the Gas Phase: Probing Electronic Structures of Transcurium Actinides. Organometallics (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 2004-11-30, 24 (1): 119–126. ISSN 0276-7333. doi:10.1021/om049387v.
^ Mikheev, N.B.; Spitsyn, V.I.; Kamenskaya, A.N.; Gvozdev, B.A.; Druin, V.A.; Rumer, I.A.; Dyachkova, R.A.; Rozenkevitch, N.A.; Auerman, L.N. Reduction of fermium to divalent state in chloride aqueous ethanolic solutions. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters (Elsevier BV). 1972, 8 (11): 929–936. ISSN 0020-1650. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(72)80202-2.
^ Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium" (PDF). In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1621–1651. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. pp. 1635–1636.
^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1278. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

[1] Kleinschmidt, P. Thermochemistry of the actinides. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 1994,. 213–214: 169–172 [2019-07-14]. doi:10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-16）.

[2] Fujita, D.; Cunningham, B. B.; Parsons, T. C. Crystal structures and lattice parameters of einsteinium trichloride and einsteinium oxychloride. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1969, 5 (4): 307–313 [2019-07-14]. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(69)80203-5. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-13）.

[3] Fellows, R.; Peterson, J. R.; Noé, M.; Young, J. P.; Haire, R. G. X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic studies of crystalline einsteinium(III) bromide, ²⁵³EsBr₃. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 1975, 11 (11): 737–742. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(75)80090-0.

[h1595-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Haire, pp. 1595–1596

[s62-5] Seaborg, p. 62

[g1268-6] Greenwood, p. 1268

[ES2O3-7] Haire, R. G.; Baybarz, R. D. Identification and analysis of einsteinium sesquioxide by electron diffraction. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1973, 35 (2): 489–496. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(73)80561-5.

[h1598-8] Haire, p. 1598

[ox1-9] Haire, R. G. & Eyring, L. Lanthanides and Actinides Chemistry. K.A. Gscheidner, Jr.; et al (編). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths 18. North-Holland, New York. 1994: 414–505. ISBN 978-0-444-81724-2.

[h1579-10] Haire, p. 1579

[11] Nugent, Leonard J.; Burnett, J. L.; Baybarz, R. D.; Werner, George Knoll; Tanner, S. P.; Tarrant, J. R.; Keller, O. L. Intramolecular energy transfer and sensitized luminescence in actinide(III) .beta.-diketone chelates. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1969, 73 (5): 1540–1549. doi:10.1021/j100725a060.

[12] Beitz, J.; Wester, D.; Williams, C. 5f state interaction with inner coordination sphere ligands: Es³⁺ ion fluorescence in aqueous and organic phases. Journal of the Less Common Metals. 1983, 93 (2): 331–338. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(83)90178-9.

[13] Gibson, John K.; Haire, Richard G. Activation of Pentamethylcyclopentadiene by Bk⁺, Cf⁺, and Es⁺ Ions in the Gas Phase: Probing Electronic Structures of Transcurium Actinides. Organometallics (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 2004-11-30, 24 (1): 119–126. ISSN 0276-7333. doi:10.1021/om049387v.

[14] Mikheev, N.B.; Spitsyn, V.I.; Kamenskaya, A.N.; Gvozdev, B.A.; Druin, V.A.; Rumer, I.A.; Dyachkova, R.A.; Rozenkevitch, N.A.; Auerman, L.N. Reduction of fermium to divalent state in chloride aqueous ethanolic solutions. Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters (Elsevier BV). 1972, 8 (11): 929–936. ISSN 0020-1650. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(72)80202-2.

[15] Silva, Robert J. (2006). "Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium" (PDF). In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1621–1651. doi:10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_13. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. pp. 1635–1636.

[16] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1278. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

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