黑三角 (牙科)
黑三角（英語：Black triangle，拉丁語：Angularis nigra），也稱為開放性牙齦楔狀隙、開放性牙間楔狀隙（英語：open gingival embrasures），是位於齒頸側齒斜隙、位於牙齒接觸點下方的空間或和間隙，因牙齦乳頭不能完全填滿空間，而導致相鄰牙齒之間出現的縫隙。 [1]這種間隙有很多成因，包括牙齦萎縮、矯齒治療後牙齦退縮。 [2]黑三角被評為齲齒和牙冠高度之外最令人討厭的美觀問題。 [3]治療黑三角通常涉及牙周、矯齒和修復治療。矯正黑三角的方法包括在間隙中添加複合樹脂、 [4]使用牙齒貼片或移植牙齦。 [5]黑三角一般僅根據患者的美學要求進行治療[6] ，不過嚴重的牙齦萎縮可能需要進行進一步的牙周治療。
成因
編輯有幾個風險因素會導致黑三角的形成。牙齦乳頭尺寸可能由於以下任何原因而改變：
1.牙齒之間的鄰間隙：當兩隻牙的臨床牙冠之間的接觸點位置過斜時，牙根角度不良會導致間隙的存在，牙根角度不良也可能是矯齒治療的結果。 [7]
2.牙冠接觸點與牙槽骨之間的距離增加：例如自然發生的牙間隙 [8]和牙槽骨流失。
3.牙齦厚度；厚牙齦和薄牙齦通常對炎症和創傷有不同的反應， [9] [10]薄牙齦在牙齒修復、牙冠修形、牙周手術及植齒後更容易萎縮。
4.年齡：牙齦隨著年齡增長而萎縮。
5.牙周疾病，導致牙齦萎縮。
參考文獻
編輯- ^ Burke, S; Burch, J; Tetz, J. Incidence and size of pretreatment overlap and posttreatment gingival embrasure space between maxillary central incisors. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 1994, 105 (5): 506–11. PMID 8166102. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70013-3.
- ^ Ikeda, T; Yamaguchi, M; Meguro, D; Kasai, K. Prediction and causes of open gingival embrasure spaces between the mandibular central incisors following orthodontic treatment. Australian Orthodontic Journal. 2004, 20 (2): 87–92. PMID 16429878.
- ^ Cunliffe, Joanne; Pretty, Iain. Patients' ranking of interdental "black triangles" against other common aesthetic problems. The European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry. December 2009, 17 (4): 177–181. ISSN 0965-7452. PMID 20158060.
- ^ Lenhard, M. Closing diastemas with resin composite restorations. The European Journal of Esthetic Dentistry. 2008, 3 (3): 258–68. PMID 19655542.
- ^ De Castro Pinto, RC; Colombini, BL; Ishikiriama, SK; Chambrone, L; Pustiglioni, FE; Romito, GA. The subepithelial connective tissue pedicle graft combined with the coronally advanced flap for restoring missing papilla: A report of two cases. Quintessence International. 2010, 41 (3): 213–20. PMID 20213022.
- ^ Clark, D. Restoratively driven papilla regeneration: Correcting the dreaded 'black triangle'. Texas Dental Journal. 2008, 125 (11): 1112–5. PMID 19180945.
- ^ Cho, Hae-Sung; Jang, Hyun-Seon; Kim, Dong-Kie; Park, Joo-Cheol; Kim, Heung-Joong; Choi, Seong-Ho; Kim, Chong-Kwan; Kim, Byung-Ock. The Effects of Interproximal Distance Between Roots on the Existence of Interdental Papillae According to the Distance From the Contact Point to the Alveolar Crest. Journal of Periodontology. October 2006, 77 (10): 1651–1657. ISSN 0022-3492. PMID 17032106. doi:10.1902/jop.2006.060023.
- ^ Portuguese Abstract Translations. Implant Dentistry. October 2014, 23 (5): e87–e93. ISSN 1056-6163. S2CID 220586634. doi:10.1097/id.0000000000000164.
- ^ Houston, W. J. B. Textbook of clinical periodontology. Author: Jan Lindhe. Publisher: Munksgaard International Publishers Ltd., Price: D.kr. 460.00. The European Journal of Orthodontics. 1984-08-01, 6 (3): 234. ISSN 0141-5387. doi:10.1093/ejo/6.3.234.
- ^ SANAVI, FARSHID; WEISGOLD, ARNOLD S.; ROSE, LOUIS F. Biologic Width and its Relation to Periodontal Biotypes. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. May 1998, 10 (3): 157–163. ISSN 1496-4155. PMID 9759032. doi:10.1111/j.1708-8240.1998.tb00351.x.
- ^ Portuguese Abstract Translations. Implant Dentistry. October 2014, 23 (5): e87–e93. ISSN 1056-6163. S2CID 220586634. doi:10.1097/id.0000000000000164.
延伸閱讀
編輯- Chow, Yiu Cheung; Wang, Hom-Lay. Factors and Techniques Influencing Peri-Implant Papillae. Implant Dentistry. 2010, 19 (3): 208–19. PMID 20523177. S2CID 13875737. doi:10.1097/ID.0b013e3181d43bd6.