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| 伊特爾堡 | |
|---|---|
Schloss Itter | |
| 奧地利提洛邦伊特爾 | |
 2010年2月的伊特爾堡 | |
  伊特爾堡 伊特爾堡在奧地利的位置 | |
| 座標 | 47°28′14″N 12°8′23″E / 47.47056°N 12.13972°E |
| 類型 | 城堡 |
| 設施資訊 | |
| 擁有者 | Privately owned |
| 公眾開放 | 不開放 |
| 歷史 | |
| 戰役 | 伊特爾堡之戰 |
伊特爾堡（德語：Schloss Itter，英語：Itter Castle）是一座建立於19世紀的城堡，位於奧地利提洛邦伊特爾。 During World War II, it was turned into a Nazi prison for French VIPs and was the site of an extraordinary instance of the U.S. Army, German Wehrmacht, Austrian Resistance, and the prisoners themselves fighting side-by-side against the Waffen-SS in the Battle for Castle Itter.
位置
編輯伊特爾堡位於Brixental
The hill castle is located atop a 666-公尺（2,185-英尺）[1] knoll at the entrance to the Brixental valley, about 5公里（3.1英里） south of Wörgl and 20公里（12英里） west of Kitzbühel.
歷史
編輯
A fortress at the site was first mentioned in a 1241 deed;[2] previous constructions may have existed since the 10th century. The Brixental originally was a possession of the Prince-Bishops of Regensburg; the castle was an administrative seat of the Counts of Ortenburg in their capacity as Vogt bailiffs, and it also served to protect the Regensburg estates from incursions undertaken by the neighbouring Archbishops of Salzburg. Nevertheless, the Brixental was acquired by Salzburg in 1312, and in 1380 the Regensburg bishops finally sold Itter to Archbishop Pilgrim II of Salzburg.
Within the Burgfrieden jurisdiction of Itter, feuds and breach of the public peace were banned, nevertheless the castle was devastated during the German Peasants' War in 1526. In the 17th century, the seat of the local administration was moved to Hopfgarten, whereafter the premises decayed. The Brixental belonged to Salzburg until it fell to the newly established Kingdom of Bavaria in 1805; the Bavarian government left the castle ruin to the Itter citizens who used it as a quarry. Upon the Final Act of the Vienna Congress, the valley became part of the Austrian, crown land of Tyrol in 1816.
The present-day building was erected on the foundations of the former one from 1878 onwards. Itter Castle was purchased as a residence in 1884 by Sophie Menter, pianist, composer, and student of Franz Liszt. Liszt himself as well as young Arthur Rubinstein stayed at the castle; Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky orchestrated one of his compositions during a visit in 1892. Menter sold Itter Castle in 1902; it was again extensively remodeled in its present Tudor Revival[來源請求] style by later owners.
第二次世界大戰
編輯
After the 1938 Anschluss annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, the Reich government officially leased the castle in late 1940 from its owner, Franz Grüner.[3]（p. 11–13） Itter Castle was seized from Grüner by SS Lieutenant General Oswald Pohl under the orders of Heinrich Himmler on February 7, 1943, and transformed into a prison by April 25, 1943. Established to incarcerate prominent French prisoners valuable to the Reich,[3]（p. 21–22）[4] the facility was placed as a subcamp under the administration of the Dachau concentration camp.[3]（p. 11–13）
Notable prisoners included: former Prime Ministers Édouard Daladier and Paul Reynaud;[3]（p. 43–44） Generals Maurice Gamelin[3]（p. 27–28） and former commander-in-chief Maxime Weygand, who had been prominent during the Phoney War;[3]（p. 53–55） former tennis champion Jean Borotra, later General Commissioner of Sports in the Vichy regime;[3]（p. 45–46） right-wing leader François de La Rocque, leader of the right-wing Croix de Feu movement;[3]（p. 57） trade union leader Léon Jouhaux;[3]（p. 36–37） André François-Poncet, a politician and diplomat; and Michel Clemenceau, politician and son of Georges Clemenceau. The former republic president Albert Lebrun was held at Itter for three months in 1943, before being sent back to France for health reasons; Marie-Agnès de Gaulle, Resistance member and sister of General Charles de Gaulle, was interned in the castle at the very end of the war, in April 1945.[3]（p. 59–62）
Besides the French VIP prisoners, the Castle held a number of Eastern European prisoners detached from Dachau, who were used for maintenance and other menial work.[3]（p. 72、181）
伊特爾堡之戰
編輯1945年5月4日下午，典獄長害怕被殺而棄守城堡，不久骷髏總隊的守衛亦撤離, the prisoners armed themselves and awaited rescue from anticipated attack from Waffen SS troops still aggressively resisting surrender. Two Sherman tanks of the 23rd Tank Battalion of the U.S. 12th Armored Division under the command of Capt. John C. 『Jack』 Lee, Jr., and anti-Nazi elements of the Wehrmacht under the command of Major Josef 『Sepp』 Gangl, arrived.[5] Together the three groups repelled probes by SS reconnaissance elements throughout the night. The battle continued through the morning of 5 May, with a strong force of 100–150 SS pressing the attack until reinforcements from the American 142nd Infantry Regiment arrived around 4 PM that day.[6][7]
現在的伊特爾堡
編輯After the war, the castle fell into disrepair until 1950 when Willi Woldrich acquired it and turned it into a luxury hotel. However, the hotel encountered financial problems and it was acquired by a holding company before it was sold to a private owner in 1985. Since that time, it has remained in private ownership and is not open to the public. It is owned by attorney Dr. Ernst Bosin from the city of Kufstein, Austria.[8][9]
參考資料
編輯- ^ Itter Castle Elevation and Position
- ^ Harding, Stephen. The Battle for Itter Castle. Historynet.com. 11 September 2008 [2014-08-09].
- ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Harding 2013.
- ^ Piekałkiewicz, Janusz. Secret Agents, Spies, and Saboteurs: Famous Undercover Missions of World War II. William Morrow. 1974.
- ^ Andrew Roberts. World War II’s Strangest Battle: When Americans and Germans Fought Together. The Daily Beast. 2013-05-12 [2013-06-07].
- ^ French Leaders Freed. [2011-01-24].
- ^ Rice, Bernard L. Recollections of a World War II Combat Medic (PDF) XCIII. Indiana Magazine of History: 312–344. 1997-12 [2015-10-09]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-12-20）.
- ^ Das Schicksalsschloss/A Castle Big with Fate (PDF). Hohe Salve: The guest magazine of the Holiday Region Hohe Salve. Summer 2015: 20–25.
- ^ Schloss Itter - Tyrol. burgen.tibs.at. [9 May 2016] （German）.
Further reading
編輯- Stephen Harding. The Last Battle: When U. S. and German Soldiers Joined Forces in the Waning Hours of World War II in Europe. Da Capo Press, Incorporated. 2013. ISBN 978-0-306-82209-4.
