德贵斯塔
美洲原住民
德貴斯塔族(英語:Tequesta)是居住於美國佛羅里達州大西洋海岸,即現時布勞沃德縣及邁阿密-戴德縣的原住民。他們也是歐洲人首次所接觸的美國原住民。當時16世紀,德貴斯塔人佔據了佛羅里達礁島群及佛羅里達州南端的沙布爾角(Cape Sable)。中央城鎮德貴斯塔可能坐落於邁阿密河河口。到了最近一百年德貴斯塔人才在比斯坎灣地區居住。他們以打漁、狩獵和採集果實為生,但不從事任何形式的農業生產。
當時德貴斯塔人或多或少受到位於佛羅里達州西南海岸卡盧薩人(Calusa)所控制。當歐洲人首次登陸當地時,德貴斯塔人大約有800到10000人,而卡盧薩人大約有2000到20000人。佛羅里達礁島群常常由兩族人輪流佔領。
根據荷蘭繪圖家Hessel Gerritsz在1630年所出版的《世界歷史》中所繪製的地圖中,佛羅里達半島被稱呼為德貴斯塔〈Tegesta〉。在往後的兩百年,仍然被稱呼為德貴斯塔。[1][2].
1513年胡安·龐塞·德萊昂登陸當地並稱呼當地為德貴斯塔(Chequesta),即現時的比斯坎灣。1565年,西班牙水手佩德羅·梅嫩德斯·德阿維萊斯(Pedro Menéndez de Avilés)藉口風暴停留比斯坎灣。耶穌會人把德貴斯塔族人首領的姪兒帶到古巴夏灣拿受教育,而首領的弟弟則跟隨梅嫩德斯到西班牙轉而信奉基督教。1567年,梅嫩德斯帶著Francisco Villareal及三十名士兵回到比斯坎灣並且建立了一個傳道區(mission),強迫德貴斯塔人改信基督教。這個傳道區到了1570年被迫廢棄。
外部連結
编辑參考文獻
编辑- Austin, Daniel W. (1997). "The Glades Indians and the Plants they Used. Ethnobotany of an Extinct Culture." The Palmetto, 17(2):7 -11.[1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - accessed December 4 2005
- Brickell Point - Home of the Miami Circle (State of Florida site) - accessed December 4 2005
- Bullen, Adelaide K. (1965). "Florida Indians of Past and Present". In Ruby L. Carson & Charlton Tebeau (Eds.), Florida from Indian trail to space age: a history (Vol. I, pp. 317-350). Southern Publishing Company.
- Escalente Fontaneda, Hernando de. (1944). Memoir of Do. d'Escalente Fontaneda respecting Florida. Smith, B. (Trans.); True, D. O. (Ed.). Miami: University of Miami & Historical Association of Southern Florida.
- Goddard, Ives. (2005). The indigenous languages of the Southeast. Anthropological Linguistics, 47 (1), 1-60.
- Hann, John H. (1991). Missions to the Calusa. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
- State of Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs. "Chapter 12. South and Southeast Florida: The Everglades Region, 2500 B.P.-Contact". Historic Contexts. Version of 9-27-93. Downloaded from [2](页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) on March 27 2006
- Sturtevant, William C. (1978). "The Last of the South Florida Aborigines". In Jeral Milanich & Samuel Proctor (Eds.). Tachagale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period. Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-0535-3
- Tebeau, Charlton W. (1968). Man in the Everglades (pp. 37-45). Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami Press. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 68-17768
- The Tequesta of Biscayne Bay (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - accessed December 4 2005
- Wenhold, Lucy L. (Ed., Trans.). (1936). A 17th century letter of Gabriel Diaz Vara Calderón, Bishop of Cuba, describing the Indians and Indian missions of Florida. Smithsonian miscellaneous collections 95 (16). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.