波斯語語法波斯語:دستور زبان فارسی (Dastur-e Zaban-e Farsi);Persian grammar)是波斯語語法。波斯語方言變體伊朗阿富汗烏茲別克斯坦撒馬爾罕布哈拉以及蘇爾漢河州地區)與塔吉克斯坦等地使用。 波斯語類似於許多其他的印歐語言。 而波斯語在中古波斯語時期成為一種更具分析性的語言;語法上格位的使用減少,並且摒棄了語法性別的區分。 現代波斯語中的語法創新仍然持續存在,波斯語是為數不多的缺乏語法性別區分表達的印歐語言之一。

語序

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  • کتاب آبی را دیدمketāb-e ābi-rā didam 'I saw the blue book'
  • کتاب آبی را دیدیدketāb-e ābi-rā didid 'you (all) saw the blue book'
  • به من گفت که امروز نمی آمدbe man goft ke emruz nemi āmad 'he told me that he wasn't coming today'
  • کتاب آبی را از کتابخانه گرفتketāb-e ābi-rā az ketābxāne gereft 'she got the blue book from the library'

冠詞

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  • 文學: کتاب روی میز استketāb ru-ye miz ast 'the book is on the table'.
  • 口語: کتابه روی میزه ketābe ru-ye miz 'e 'the book is on the table'

參考文獻

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  • Abrahams, Simin (2005). Modern Persian: A Course-Book. Routledge.
  • Bleeck, Arthur Henry (1857). A Concise Grammar of the Persian Language.
  • Brookshaw, Dominic Parviz (2010). The Routledge Introductory Persian Course: Farsi Shirin Ast. Routledge.
  • Boyle, John Andrew (1966). Grammar of Modern Persian. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
  • Dahlen, Ashk (2010). Modern persisk grammatik (2nd edition 2014) (Swedish)
  • Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1875). A New Grammar Of The Persian Tongue, Part 1, Accidence: For The Use Of The Higher Classes In Schools And Colleges (reprinted 2010).
  • Elwell-Sutton, L.P. (1963). Elementary Persian Grammar.
  • Forbes, B. (1985). A Grammar of the Persian Language (reprinted 2003).
  • Forbes, Duncan (1869). A Grammar of the Persian Language (4th edition).
  • Ibrahim, Meerza Mohammad (1841). A Grammar Of The Persian Language: To Which Are Subjoined Several Dialogues; With An Alphabetical List Of The English And Persian Terms Of Grammar.
  • Johnson, Edwin Lee (1917). Historical Grammar of the Ancient Persian Language.
  • Jones, Sir William (1771). A Grammar of the Persian Language.
  • Kent, Roland G. (1950). Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon.
  • Lambton, Ann K.S. (1953) Persian Grammar. Cambridge University Press.
  • Lazard, Gilbert; Lyon, Shirley A. (1993). A Grammar of Contemporary Persian (Persian Studies, No 14) (paperback).
  • Mace, John (2003). Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision. Routledge Curzon.
  • Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997). Persian (Descriptive Grammars).
  • Obolensky, Serge; Yazdan Panah, Kambiz; Khaje Nouri, Fereidoun (1963). Persian Basic Course units 1-12. Foreign Service Institute, Washington. (Republished as Spoken Persian in 1973.)
  • Phillott, D. C. (1919) Higher Persian Grammar: For The Use Of The Calcutta University, vols, 1 and 2. (reprinted 2008)
  • Rafiee, Abdi (1975). Colloquial Persian. Routledge.
  • Rosen, Friedrich (reprinted 2010). Modern Persian Colloquial Grammar: Containing a Short Grammar, Dialogues and Extracts from Nasir-Eddin Shah's Diaries, Tales, Etc., and a Vocabulary (originally written in German in 1890).
  • St. Clair-Tisdall, William (1902). Modern Persian Conversation-Grammar; With Reading Lessons, English-Persian Vocabulary and Persian Letters.
  • Stilo, Donald L.; Clinton Jerome (1994). Modern Persian: Spoken and Written.
  • Thackston, Wheeler M. (1993) An Introduction to Persian (3rd edition). IBEX.
  • Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1979). Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study (Trends in Linguistics State of the Art Reports, No 12).
  • Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1980). Modern Persian: Intermediate level 1. University of Michigan Press.
  • Yousef, Saeed & Torabi, Hayedeh (2012): Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook. Routledge.
  • Yousef, Saeed & Torabi, Hayedeh (2013): Intermediate Persian: A Grammar and Workbook. Routledge.

延伸閲讀

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  • Perry, John R. "Persian morphology." Morphologies of Asia and Africa 2 (2007): 975-1019.
  • Paul, Ludwig. Persian grammar. Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. 2018. ISSN 1873-9830. 
  • Windfuhr, Gernot L. Persian grammar: History and state of its study. Vol. 12. Walter de Gruyter, 2011.

參閲

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外部連結

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在線波斯語動詞變位

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