五大牧首区

五大牧首区（古希腊语：Πενταρχία，英语：Pentarchy），基督教历史上的术语，源自于初代教会首领将整个罗马帝国的领土，统一在唯一的基督教世界（Christendom）的理想。这些地区分别被划归为五个主教座，由五个宗主教进行管理。这五个教会分别位于罗马、君士坦丁堡、亚历山大港、安条克和耶路撒冷。将普世与唯一的统治权力归于基督教会手中的理念，与罗马帝国统治结构之间有紧密的关连，但是因为地区政治及教会势力的现实状况，造成五大教区的分划。这五个主教座比起其他主教座拥有更大权力，是因为它们在政治和教会的重要性；它们全都位于帝国内的重要城市和区域，也是教会的主要中心。罗马、亚历山大和安条克在早期教会发展有重要角色。君士坦丁堡在4世纪成为皇室首都，成为新罗马，在第六次公会议之后与罗马圣座地位同等。耶路撒冷在使徒时期十分重要，因此获得礼仪上的排位。

正教会对罗马帝国境内五个基督教地区的联盟管制。

概论

古希腊语：Πενταρχία（Pentarchia）的字根由πέντε（pente，意为五）与ἄρχω（archo，意为统治）组成。

五大牧首区^[2]的概念首先在皇帝查士丁尼一世的Novella 131中的法律清楚讲明。692年的五六会议正式确认五大牧首，并把五个主教座按重要性排列。尤其在五六会议后，东方基督教在哲学上接受了五大牧首区的概念，西方基督教也接受此概念。^[3]

查士丁尼和五六会议把帝国以外的教会排除出去，例如当时正在萨珊王朝的波斯冒起的东方教会，被他们视为异端。在帝国内只承认迦克墩派，而把阿历山大和安提阿的非迦克墩派人士视为非法。

各个牧首区的纷争，尤其是罗马和君士坦丁堡，使五大牧首不能成为有效的管治实体。7世纪亚历山大、耶路撒冷和安条克被伊斯兰征服，使君士坦丁堡成为东方唯一的权威，此后“五大牧首区”的概念只剩下象征意义。东方教会磨擦，以东西教会大分裂告终，和帝国之外的大型独立的都主教座在保加利亚、塞尔维亚和俄罗斯的兴起，使帝国内的古老主教座变得不重要。

参考文献

^ The Ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. [2013-02-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-27）.
^ "Pentarchy" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2010."The proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees under the auspices of a single universal empire. Formulated in the legislation of the emperor Justinian I (527–65), especially in his Novella 131, the theory received formal ecclesiastical sanction at the Council in Trullo (692), which ranked the five sees as Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem".
^ Encyclopædia Britannica "Quinisext Council" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "The Western Church and the Pope were not represented at the council. Justinian, however, wanted the Pope as well as the Eastern bishops to sign the canons. Pope Sergius I (687–701) refused to sign, and the canons were never fully accepted by the Western Church".

外部链接

五大牧首区
罗马牧首首任：圣伯多禄		亚历山大港（英语：Church of Alexandria）牧首首任：圣马尔谷		安提阿牧首首任：圣伯多禄圣保禄		耶路撒冷（英语：Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem）牧首首任：圣雅各伯		君士坦丁堡牧首首任：圣安德肋

[1] The Ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. [2013-02-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-27）.

[2] "Pentarchy" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2010."The proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees under the auspices of a single universal empire. Formulated in the legislation of the emperor Justinian I (527–65), especially in his Novella 131, the theory received formal ecclesiastical sanction at the Council in Trullo (692), which ranked the five sees as Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem".

[3] Encyclopædia Britannica "Quinisext Council" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2010. "The Western Church and the Pope were not represented at the council. Justinian, however, wanted the Pope as well as the Eastern bishops to sign the canons. Pope Sergius I (687–701) refused to sign, and the canons were never fully accepted by the Western Church".

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