冲动 (心理学)
在心理学中,冲动是一种纯粹跟随欲望等做出行为的倾向,表现出的行为特征是很少或根本没有预先计划、反思或考虑后果。[1] 冲动行为通常是“构思不当、表达过早、风险过大,或不适合且通常会导致不良后果的情况”[2],这会危及长期目标和成功战略。[3] 冲动可以归类为多因素结构。[4] 也有一种功能性的冲动,即在适当的情况下没有经过深思熟虑的行动,可以而且确实会导致理想的结果。 “当这种行为产生积极的结果时,它们往往不被视为冲动的迹象,而是作为大胆(英语:Boldness)、敏捷、自发性、勇敢或不受常规约束的指标”。[2][5] 因此,冲动的构成至少包括两个独立的组成部分:首先,在没有适当考虑的情况下采取行动[2],可能会或可能不会起作用;第二,选择短期收益而不是长期收益。[6]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MRI_of_orbitofrontal_cortex.jpg/200px-MRI_of_orbitofrontal_cortex.jpg)
冲动既是人格的一个方面,也是各种心理障碍的主要组成部分,包括胎儿酒精谱系障碍、注意力不足过动症[7]、物质使用障碍[8][9]、双相情感障碍[10]、反社会人格障碍[11]和边缘型人格障碍[12]。在后天脑损伤(英语:Acquired brain injury)[13]和神经退行性疾病[14]的情况下,也注意到了异常的冲动模式。神经生物学研究结果表明,冲动行为涉及特定的大脑区域[15][16][17],尽管不同的大脑网络可能导致不同的冲动表现[18],并且遗传可能发挥作用。[19]
许多行动同时包含冲动性和强迫性特征,但冲动性和强迫性在功能上是不同的。冲动性和强迫性是相互关联的,因为它们都表现出过早或未经深思熟虑的行为倾向,并且通常会产生负面结果。[20][21] 强迫性可能是一个连续统一体,一方面是强迫性,另一方面是冲动性,但在这一点上的研究是相矛盾的。[22] 强迫性是对感知到的风险或威胁的反应,而冲动是对感知到的直接收益或利益的反应[20],并且,强迫性涉及重复的行为,而冲动性涉及无计划的反应。
冲动是赌博和酒精成瘾的共同特征。研究表明拥有此类成瘾情况的人,拥有比没有此类成瘾情况的人更高的延迟付款贴现比率;此类成瘾情况亦会导致贴现行为的累加效应(英语:additive effects)。[23]
参见
编辑参考文献
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