冲动 (心理学)

很少或根本没有预先计划、反思或考虑后果的行为或倾向

心理学中,冲动是一种纯粹跟随欲望等做出行为的倾向,表现出的行为特征是很少或根本没有预先计划、反思或考虑后果。[1] 冲动行为通常是“构思不当、表达过早、风险过大,或不适合且通常会导致不良后果的情况”[2],这会危及长期目标和成功战略。[3] 冲动可以归类为多因素结构[4] 也有一种功能性的冲动,即在适当的情况下没有经过深思熟虑的行动,可以而且确实会导致理想的结果。 “当这种行为产生积极的结果时,它们往往不被视为冲动的迹象,而是作为大胆(英语:Boldness)、敏捷、自发性、勇敢或不受常规约束的指标”。[2][5] 因此,冲动的构成至少包括两个独立的组成部分:首先,在没有适当考虑的情况下采取行动[2],可能会或可能不会起作用;第二,选择短期收益而不是长期收益[6]

以不同颜色显示之部分为脑部之眶额叶皮层,是前额叶皮层的一部分,被相关研究认定与个人决策的形成有关。

冲动既是人格的一个方面,也是各种心理障碍的主要组成部分,包括胎儿酒精谱系障碍注意力不足过动症[7]物质使用障碍[8][9]双相情感障碍[10]反社会人格障碍[11]边缘型人格障碍[12]。在后天脑损伤(英语:Acquired brain injury)[13]神经退行性疾病[14]的情况下,也注意到了异常的冲动模式。神经生物学研究结果表明,冲动行为涉及特定的大脑区域[15][16][17],尽管不同的大脑网络可能导致不同的冲动表现[18],并且遗传可能发挥作用。[19]

许多行动同时包含冲动性和强迫性特征,但冲动性和强迫性在功能上是不同的。冲动性和强迫性是相互关联的,因为它们都表现出过早或未经深思熟虑的行为倾向,并且通常会产生负面结果。[20][21] 强迫性可能是一个连续统一体,一方面是强迫性,另一方面是冲动性,但在这一点上的研究是相矛盾的。[22] 强迫性是对感知到的风险或威胁的反应,而冲动是对感知到的直接收益或利益的反应[20],并且,强迫性涉及重复的行为,而冲动性涉及无计划的反应。

冲动是赌博酒精成瘾的共同特征。研究表明拥有此类成瘾情况的人,拥有比没有此类成瘾情况的人更高的延迟付款贴现比率;此类成瘾情况亦会导致贴现行为的累加效应(英语:additive effects)。[23]

参见

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参考文献

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  1. ^ VandenBos, G. R. APA dictionary of psychology . Washington, DC: APA. 2007: 470. ISBN 9781591473800. 
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  3. ^ Madden, Gregory J.; Johnson, Patrick S. A Delay-Discounting Primer. Madden, Gregory Jude; Bickel, Warren K. (编). Impulsivity: The Behavioral and Neurological Science of Discounting. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2010: 11–37. ISBN 978-1-4338-0477-9. 
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  6. ^ Rachlin, Howard. Self-Control as an Abstraction of Environmental Feedback. The Science of Self-Control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2000: 183 [2021-12-19]. ISBN 978-0-674-00093-3. (原始内容存档于2021-12-19). 
  7. ^ Nigg, Joel T. Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?. Psychological Bulletin. 2001, 127 (5): 571–98. PMID 11548968. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571. 
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  12. ^ Henry, Chantal; Mitropoulou, Vivian; New, Antonia S; Koenigsberg, Harold W; Silverman, Jeremy; Siever, Larry J. Affective instability and impulsivity in borderline personality and bipolar II disorders: Similarities and differences. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2001, 35 (6): 307–12. PMID 11684137. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(01)00038-3. 
  13. ^ Dixon, Mark R.; Jacobs, Eric A.; Sanders, Scott; Guercio, John M.; Soldner, James; Parker-Singler, Susan; Robinson, Ashton; Small, Stacey; Dillen, Jeffrey E. Impulsivity, self-control, and delay discounting in persons with acquired brain injury. Behavioral Interventions. 2005, 20 (1): 101–20. doi:10.1002/bin.173. 
  14. ^ Gleichgerrcht, Ezequiel; Ibáñez, Agustín; Roca, María; Torralva, Teresa; Manes, Facundo. Decision-making cognition in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2010, 6 (11): 611–23. PMID 21045795. S2CID 13333018. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.148. 
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