基里瓜遗址
基里瓜遗址(西班牙语:Quiriguá,西班牙语发音:[kiɾiˈɣwa])是位于危地马拉东南部伊萨瓦尔省的古玛雅遗迹。它沿莫塔瓜河下游、占地约3平方公里(1.2平方英里),属于中型遗址[2],其中礼仪中心位在距北岸1公里(0.6英里)处[3]。玛雅古典时期(公元200年–900年)时,基里瓜坐落于几条重要贸易路线的交点。遗址的卫城内建有200座建筑、约始于公元550年,八世纪时开始兴建大型建筑。所有工程在约公元850年停止动工,仅在后古典时代初期(约公元900年–约公元1200年)短暂复工。基里瓜遗址和邻近的古典时期城市科潘拥有相同的建筑与雕塑风格,历史发展也紧密相依[4]。
世界遗产 | |
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位置 | ![]() |
标准 | 文 i, ii, iv |
参考编码 | 149 |
登录年份 | 1981年(第七届会议) |
坐标 | 15°16′10″N 89°2′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W |
基里瓜在8世纪的快速发展与其统治者考阿克天于738年战胜科潘有关。科潘统治者十八兔王败于基里瓜并被抓获,在基里瓜的大广场被献祭[5]。在这之前,基里瓜曾是科潘的附庸国,但后来基里瓜维持了自己的独立地位。基里瓜的仪式建筑物并不多,但基里瓜的建筑物十分丰富,在基里瓜有新大陆里最高的纪念性建筑物[6]。
地名与地理位置
编辑基里瓜遗址以邻近的同名村庄为名命名,[7] 它位于危地马拉市东北方向的约200km处;[8] 它位于伊萨瓦尔省洛斯阿马特斯市内超过平均海拔75m的地方[9]。
基里瓜位于莫塔瓜河低处的北部河岸,也是山谷扩为河漫滩的地方,这也让基里瓜数个世纪来饱受周期性洪灾的困扰[10][11]。尽管在基里瓜的占领期内河流一直在靠近此处,但它也自此改变了流向,流至离仪式中心南部1km的位置[3]。基里瓜位于科潘北部48km处[6]并现今位于瓜地马拉与洪都拉斯间国境的西北方向15.7km处。
基里瓜当地的基岩是硬红的砂岩,当地居民用此来建造纪念碑和其他建筑物。这种砂岩十分坚硬,且不易断裂或破裂,这使得基里瓜的雕刻者们可以建立起美洲最高的独立式石建筑物[12]。基里瓜是在莫塔瓜断层上被直接建造起来的,它也因此在古时受到大地震的袭击[13]。
人口
编辑尽管基里瓜的精英阶层明显为玛雅人[14],但由于它位于中部美洲地区的边缘地带,所以基里瓜人至少也是两种种族的混血人群[15],玛雅人为少数族群[10]。大多数当地人在种族上属于不那么复杂的中间地带(位于中部美洲的东部边境)[15]。据估算,基里瓜中心地带的人口密度在后经典期为400人至500人每平方千米[16],人口密度在最高峰时达到1200–1600人每平方千米[17];据调查,基里瓜当地平均每平方千米有130座建筑物,而科潘的中心部则是每平方千米有1449座建筑物[18]。较低的人口密度也暗示着基里瓜是一个分散农村人口的聚集点[10]。
在738年发生的那场成功的叛变之后,基里瓜谷的人口快速增长,然基里瓜从未能成为一个人口众多的城邦[19]。在9世纪发生了严重的人口减少,城邦也最终遭到废弃[20]。
已知的统治者
编辑名字(或绰号) | 统治年代 | 顺序[21] |
---|---|---|
"Tok Casper" | 426–?[22] | 1 |
Tutuum Yohl K'inich | 约455[22] | ? |
"3号统治者" ("Turtle Shell") | 约480[22][23] | ? |
"4号统治者" ("Basket Skull") | ?–?[23] | 3? |
Mih Toh | 493–[23] | 4? |
K'awiil Yopaat ("5号统治者") | 约653[23] | ? |
卡克·蒂利乌·钱·约帕特 ("考亚克-天") | 724–785[24] | 14 |
"天-舒尔" | 785 –约795[24] | 15 |
"玉石-天" | 约800 – 约810[24] | 17? |
脚注
编辑- ^ Looper, 2003, pp.122, 140, 146.
- ^ Ashmore 1980, p.24.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.49.
- ^ Looper 2003, pp.4–5, 83.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Coe 1999, p.121.
- ^ Looper 2003, viii.
- ^ Stross et al. 1983, p.333.
- ^ Inforpress.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Looper 2003, p.1.
- ^ Looper 2003, p.35.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.82.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.507.
- ^ Looper 1999, p.264.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Sheets 2000, p.442.
- ^ Drew 1999, p.344.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686.
- ^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.219.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
MG225
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 据Looper 2003, p.205.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.
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