基里瓜遺址
基里瓜遺址(西班牙語:Quiriguá,西班牙語發音:[kiɾiˈɣwa])是位於危地馬拉東南部伊薩瓦爾省的古馬雅遺跡。它沿莫塔瓜河下游、佔地約3平方公里(1.2平方英里),屬於中型遺址[2],其中禮儀中心位在距北岸1公里(0.6英里)處[3]。馬雅古典時期(公元200年–900年)時,基里瓜坐落於幾條重要貿易路線的交點。遺址的衛城內建有200座建築、約始於公元550年,八世紀時開始興建大型建築。所有工程在約公元850年停止動工,僅在後古典時代初期(約公元900年–約公元1200年)短暫復工。基里瓜遺址和鄰近的古典時期城市科潘擁有相同的建築與雕塑風格,歷史發展也緊密相依[4]。
世界遺產 | |
---|---|
位置 | 危地馬拉(拉丁美洲和加勒比地區) |
標準 | 文化:(i)(ii)(iv) |
參考編碼 | 149 |
登錄年份 | 1981年(第七屆會議) |
座標 | 15°16′10″N 89°2′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W |
基里瓜在8世紀的快速發展與其統治者考阿克天於738年戰勝科潘有關。科潘統治者十八兔王敗於基里瓜並被抓獲,在基里瓜的大廣場被獻祭[5]。在這之前,基里瓜曾是科潘的附庸國,但後來基里瓜維持了自己的獨立地位。基里瓜的儀式建築物並不多,但基里瓜的建築物十分豐富,在基里瓜有新大陸里最高的紀念性建築物[6]。
地名與地理位置
編輯基里瓜遺址以隣近的同名村莊為名命名,[7] 它位於危地馬拉市東北方向的約200km處;[8] 它位於伊薩瓦爾省洛斯阿馬特斯市內超過平均海拔75m的地方[9]。
基里瓜位於莫塔瓜河低處的北部河岸,也是山谷擴為河漫灘的地方,這也讓基里瓜數個世紀來飽受周期性洪災的困擾[10][11]。儘管在基里瓜的佔領期內河流一直在靠近此處,但它也自此改變了流向,流至離儀式中心南部1km的位置[3]。基里瓜位於科潘北部48km處[6]並現今位於瓜地馬拉與洪都拉斯間國境的西北方向15.7km處。
基里瓜當地的基岩是硬紅的砂岩,當地居民用此來建造紀念碑和其他建築物。這種砂岩十分堅硬,且不易斷裂或破裂,這使得基里瓜的雕刻者們可以建立起美洲最高的獨立式石建築物[12]。基里瓜是在莫塔瓜斷層上被直接建造起來的,它也因此在古時受到大地震的襲擊[13]。
人口
編輯儘管基里瓜的精英階層明顯為馬雅人[14],但由於它位於中部美洲地區的邊緣地帶,所以基里瓜人至少也是兩種種族的混血人群[15],馬雅人為少數族群[10]。大多數當地人在種族上屬於不那麼複雜的中間地帶(位於中部美洲的東部邊境)[15]。據估算,基里瓜中心地帶的人口密度在後經典期為400人至500人每平方千米[16],人口密度在最高峰時達到1200–1600人每平方千米[17];據調查,基里瓜當地平均每平方千米有130座建築物,而科潘的中心部則是每平方千米有1449座建築物[18]。較低的人口密度也暗示着基里瓜是一個分散農村人口的聚集點[10]。
在738年發生的那場成功的叛變之後,基里瓜谷的人口快速增長,然基里瓜從未能成為一個人口眾多的城邦[19]。在9世紀發生了嚴重的人口減少,城邦也最終遭到廢棄[20]。
已知的統治者
編輯名字(或綽號) | 統治年代 | 順序[21] |
---|---|---|
"Tok Casper" | 426–?[22] | 1 |
Tutuum Yohl K'inich | 約455[22] | ? |
"3號統治者" ("Turtle Shell") | 約480[22][23] | ? |
"4號統治者" ("Basket Skull") | ?–?[23] | 3? |
Mih Toh | 493–[23] | 4? |
K'awiil Yopaat ("5號統治者") | 約653[23] | ? |
卡克·蒂利烏·錢·約帕特 ("考亞克-天") | 724–785[24] | 14 |
"天-舒爾" | 785 –約795[24] | 15 |
"玉石-天" | 約800 – 約810[24] | 17? |
腳註
編輯- ^ Looper, 2003, pp.122, 140, 146.
- ^ Ashmore 1980, p.24.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.49.
- ^ Looper 2003, pp.4–5, 83.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Coe 1999, p.121.
- ^ Looper 2003, viii.
- ^ Stross et al. 1983, p.333.
- ^ Inforpress.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Looper 2003, p.1.
- ^ Looper 2003, p.35.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.82.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.507.
- ^ Looper 1999, p.264.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Sheets 2000, p.442.
- ^ Drew 1999, p.344.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686.
- ^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.219.
- ^ 引用錯誤:沒有為名為
MG225
的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 據Looper 2003, p.205.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.
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- Ashmore, Wendy. Settlement Archaeology at Quiriguá, Guatemala. University Museum monograph, no. 126; Quirigua Reports, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 2007. ISBN 978-1-931707-91-6. OCLC 74460023.
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