基里瓜遗址
基里瓜遗址(西班牙语:Quiriguá,西班牙语发音:[kiɾiˈɣwa])是位于瓜地马拉东南部伊萨瓦尔省的古马雅遗迹。它沿莫塔瓜河下游、占地约3平方公里(1.2平方英里),属于中型遗址[2],其中礼仪中心位在距北岸1公里(0.6英里)处[3]。马雅古典时期(公元200年–900年)时,基里瓜坐落于几条重要贸易路线的交点。遗址的卫城内建有200座建筑、约始于公元550年,八世纪时开始兴建大型建筑。所有工程在约公元850年停止动工,仅在后古典时代初期(约公元900年–约公元1200年)短暂复工。基里瓜遗址和邻近的古典时期城市科潘拥有相同的建筑与雕塑风格,历史发展也紧密相依[4]。
世界遗产 | |
---|---|
位置 | 危地马拉(拉丁美洲和加勒比地区) |
标准 | 文化:(i)(ii)(iv) |
参考编码 | 149 |
登录年份 | 1981年(第七届会议) |
坐标 | 15°16′10″N 89°2′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W |
基里瓜在8世纪的快速发展与其统治者考阿克天于738年战胜科潘有关。科潘统治者十八兔王败于基里瓜并被抓获,在基里瓜的大广场被献祭[5]。在这之前,基里瓜曾是科潘的附庸国,但后来基里瓜维持了自己的独立地位。基里瓜的仪式建筑物并不多,但基里瓜的建筑物十分丰富,在基里瓜有新大陆里最高的纪念性建筑物[6]。
地名与地理位置
编辑基里瓜遗址以邻近的同名村庄为名命名,[7] 它位于瓜地马拉市东北方向的约200km处;[8] 它位于伊萨瓦尔省洛斯阿马特斯市内超过平均海拔75m的地方[9]。
基里瓜位于莫塔瓜河低处的北部河岸,也是山谷扩为河漫滩的地方,这也让基里瓜数个世纪来饱受周期性洪灾的困扰[10][11]。尽管在基里瓜的占领期内河流一直在靠近此处,但它也自此改变了流向,流至离仪式中心南部1km的位置[3]。基里瓜位于科潘北部48km处[6]并现今位于瓜地马拉与洪都拉斯间国境的西北方向15.7km处。
基里瓜当地的基岩是硬红的砂岩,当地居民用此来建造纪念碑和其他建筑物。这种砂岩十分坚硬,且不易断裂或破裂,这使得基里瓜的雕刻者们可以建立起美洲最高的独立式石建筑物[12]。基里瓜是在莫塔瓜断层上被直接建造起来的,它也因此在古时受到大地震的袭击[13]。
人口
编辑尽管基里瓜的精英阶层明显为玛雅人[14],但由于它位于中部美洲地区的边缘地带,所以基里瓜人至少也是两种种族的混血人群[15],玛雅人为少数族群[10]。大多数当地人在种族上属于不那么复杂的中间地带(位于中部美洲的东部边境)[15]。据估算,基里瓜中心地带的人口密度在后经典期为400人至500人每平方千米[16],人口密度在最高峰时达到1200–1600人每平方千米[17];据调查,基里瓜当地平均每平方千米有130座建筑物,而科潘的中心部则是每平方千米有1449座建筑物[18]。较低的人口密度也暗示着基里瓜是一个分散农村人口的聚集点[10]。
在738年发生的那场成功的叛变之后,基里瓜谷的人口快速增长,然基里瓜从未能成为一个人口众多的城邦[19]。在9世纪发生了严重的人口减少,城邦也最终遭到废弃[20]。
已知的统治者
编辑名字(或绰号) | 统治年代 | 顺序[21] |
---|---|---|
"Tok Casper" | 426–?[22] | 1 |
Tutuum Yohl K'inich | 约455[22] | ? |
"3号统治者" ("Turtle Shell") | 约480[22][23] | ? |
"4号统治者" ("Basket Skull") | ?–?[23] | 3? |
Mih Toh | 493–[23] | 4? |
K'awiil Yopaat ("5号统治者") | 约653[23] | ? |
卡克·蒂利乌·钱·约帕特 ("考亚克-天") | 724–785[24] | 14 |
"天-舒尔" | 785 –约795[24] | 15 |
"玉石-天" | 约800 – 约810[24] | 17? |
脚注
编辑- ^ Looper, 2003, pp.122, 140, 146.
- ^ Ashmore 1980, p.24.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.49.
- ^ Looper 2003, pp.4–5, 83.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Coe 1999, p.121.
- ^ Looper 2003, viii.
- ^ Stross et al. 1983, p.333.
- ^ Inforpress.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Looper 2003, p.1.
- ^ Looper 2003, p.35.
- ^ Miller 1999, p.82.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.507.
- ^ Looper 1999, p.264.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Sheets 2000, p.442.
- ^ Drew 1999, p.344.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688.
- ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686.
- ^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.219.
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
MG225
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ 据Looper 2003, p.205.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.
参考资料
编辑- Ashmore, Wendy. The Classic Maya Settlement at Quirigua: Recent agricultural activities have helped reveal the extent of the buried settlement (PDF online publication). University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 1980 [2009-08-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-22).
- Ashmore, Wendy. Classic Maya Wells at Quirigua, Guatemala: Household Facilities in a Water-Rich Setting. American Antiquity (Menasha, Wisconsin: Society for American Archaeology). January 1984, 49 (1): 147–153. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280519. OCLC 1479302. doi:10.2307/280519.
- Ashmore, Wendy. Settlement Archaeology at Quiriguá, Guatemala. University Museum monograph, no. 126; Quirigua Reports, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 2007. ISBN 978-1-931707-91-6. OCLC 74460023.
- Banco de Guatemala. Monedas. Banco de Guatemala. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-17) (西班牙语).
- Coe, Michael D. The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series 6th, fully revised and expanded. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. OCLC 59432778.
- Demarest, Arthur A.; Prudence M. Rice; Don Stephen Rice. The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Assessing collapses, transitions, and transformations. Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (编). The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation 1st pbk. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. 2005: 545–572. ISBN 0-87081-822-8. OCLC 61719499.
- Drew, David. The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1999. ISBN 0-297-81699-3. OCLC 43401096.
- Huxley, Aldous. Beyond the Mexique Bay: A Traveller's Journal Reprint. London: Chatto & Windus. 1950 [©1934]. OCLC 256049361.
- Inforpress. Diagnóstico de la Municipalidad de Los Amates Departamento de Izabal (PDF). Inforpress Centroamericana. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-02-20) (西班牙语).
- Jones, Christopher. Paper No. 13: Monument 26, Quirigua, Guatemala. Edward M. Schortman and Patricia A. Urban (volume eds.) (编). Quirigua Reports II: Papers 6–15. University Museum monograph, no. 49; Quirigua reports, vol. 2. Robert J. Sharer (general ed.) 1st, cloth. Philadelphia. PA: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 1983: 118–128. ISBN 978-0-934718-48-6. OCLC 67294894.
- Kelly, Joyce. An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5. OCLC 34658843.
- Looper, Matthew G. New Perspectives on the Late Classic Political History of Quirigua, Guatemala. Ancient Mesoamerica (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press). 1999, 10 (2): 263–280. ISSN 0956-5361. OCLC 86542758. doi:10.1017/S0956536199101135.
- Looper, Matthew G. Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003. ISBN 0-292-70556-5. OCLC 52208614.
- Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube. Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 2000. ISBN 0-500-05103-8. OCLC 47358325.
- Miller, Mary Ellen. Maya Art and Architecture. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 0-500-20327-X. OCLC 41659173.
- San Diego Museum of Man (a). Casts of our Maya Monuments. San Diego Museum of Man. n.d. [2010-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-13).
- San Diego Museum of Man (b). Maya: Heart of Sky, Heart of Earth. San Diego Museum of Man. n.d. [2010-06-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-10-08).
- Scarborough, Vernon L. Courting in the Southern Maya Lowlands: A Study in Pre-Hispanic Ballgame Architecture. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991: 129–144. ISBN 0-8165-1360-0. OCLC 51873028.
- Schele, Linda; Khristaan D. Villela. Creation, Cosmos, and the Imagery of Palenque and Copan (PDF). Mesoweb articles. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. [2009-01-11]. (原始内容 (PDF online publication)存档于2009-02-20).
- Sharer, Robert J. The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast. Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (编). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000: 449–499. ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444.
- Sharer, Robert J.; David W. Sedat; Loa P. Traxler; Julia C. Miller; Ellen E. Bell. Early Classic Royal Power in Copan: The Origins and Development of the Acropolis (ca. AD 250–600). E. Wyllys Andrews V; William L. Fash (编). Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Santa Fe and Oxford: School of American Research Press and James Currey Ltd. 2005. ISBN 0-85255-981-X. OCLC 56194789.
- Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler. The Ancient Maya 6th, fully revised. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
- Sheets, Payson D. The Southeast Frontiers of Mesoamerica. Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (编). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000: 407–448. ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444.
- Stross, Fred H.; Payson Sheets; Frank Asaro; Helen V. Michel. Precise Characterization of Guatemalan Obsidian Sources, and Source Determination of Artifacts from Quirigua. American Antiquity (Menasha, Wisconsin: Society for American Archaeology). April 1983, 48 (2): 323–346 [2019-11-27]. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280454. OCLC 1479302. doi:10.2307/280454. (原始内容存档于2019-11-27).
- Stuart, David; George Stuart. Palenque: Eternal City of the Maya. London: Thames & Hudson. 2008. ISBN 978-0-500-05156-6. OCLC 227016561.
- Torres, Estuardo. Parque Arqueológico Quiriguá. Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. [2009-08-14]. (原始内容存档于May 13, 2009) (西班牙语).
- Trustees of the British Museum. Alfred P. Maudslay (1850–1931). The British Museum: Explore/Highlights. Trustees of the British Museum. n.d. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-20).
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [2009-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-24).
- Webster, David L. The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. London: Thames & Hudson. 2002. ISBN 0-500-05113-5. OCLC 48753878.