维基百科

山羊峡谷栈桥

美国加州木造栈桥

山羊峡谷栈桥（英语：Goat Canyon Trestle）是一条位于加州圣迭戈县的木造栈桥[1]，长597—750英尺（182—229米），是世上最大的全木造栈桥[1][8][10][11]。桥梁在1933年建成，原为圣迭戈及亚利桑那东部铁路的一部分，此前铁路公司尝试建造隧道以穿越卡里索峡谷[6][7]，但隧道倒塌后便改为兴建桥梁。这条铁路在1919年完工前被称为“不可能的铁路”[12] ，从下加利福尼亚州出发，经过圣迭戈东部抵达帝王谷。由于卡里索峡谷的温度波动，桥梁是由木造而非钢铁[6]。时至今日，大部分铁路都停用了此栈桥[13]。

山羊峡谷栈桥
Goat Canyon Trestle
2016年的桥梁
坐标32°43′45″N 116°11′00″W / 32.72917°N 116.18333°W / 32.72917; -116.18333
跨越山羊峡谷[1]
地点安沙波利哥沙漠州立公园[1][2]
其他名称山羊峡谷铁路栈桥[3]
业主圣迭戈都会运输系统[2][4]
保护状况圣迭戈历史土木工程地标[5]
设计参数
建筑材料红杉亚木[1]
全长597[6]—750[1][7]英尺（182—229米）
高度186[2][6]—200[1][8][9]英尺（57—61米）
历史
开工日1932年[8]
完工日1933年[6]
取代15号隧道[6]
地图
地图

背景

编辑

圣迭戈及亚利桑那东部铁路在时任总统西奥多·罗斯福催促及得到爱德华·亨利·哈里曼支持下[14][15]，于1907年在约翰·D·施普雷克尔斯监督下开始修建[4]。工程师们称这条铁路为“不可能的铁路”，因为需要穿越科罗拉多沙漠和哈昆巴山[12]。铁路最终在1919年完工，连接圣迭戈和帝王谷，途中进入墨西哥国境[2]。在兴建铁路前，圣迭戈唯一铁路是北面经洛杉矶的铁路，且在19世纪末在完成[16][17]。新铁路能连接南太平洋铁路而非北面的艾奇逊、托皮卡和圣塔菲铁路[18]。在铁路开通时及栈桥兴建前，这铁路最标志性的桥梁是坎波溪高架桥（Campo Creek Viaduct），长600英尺（180米）及高200英尺（61米）[15][19]。

 
已倒塌的15号隧道北面出口

圣迭戈及亚利桑那东部铁路经历了不少困难，包括岩石滑坡和隧道倒塌，使铁路不时需要关闭[2]。1932年3月15日的地震使15号隧道倒塌[9][20]，至今仍可见其遗迹[10]。

历史

编辑

圣迭戈及亚利桑那铁路由首席工程师卡尔·艾肯鲍姆（Carl Eichenlaub）设计，根据CS-33标准普通图则设计[21]。桥梁因应15号隧道倒塌而建造[22]，原本设计长度为633英尺（193米），高186英尺（57米）[23]，在1932年动工兴建[8][24]。桥梁部分在峡谷底部完成组装后，然后吊升至相应位置[6]。由于峡谷有显著的温度波动，因此采用红杉亚木作为桥梁材料[25]，与整条铁路铁轨属同一木材，如采用钢铁则会导致金属疲劳[6]。为抵御峡谷的强风，桥梁以14°弯度建成[8][26]。此外桥梁没有任何一颗钉子[8]，反而使用螺栓。栈桥最终在1933年完成，而铁路路线亦需要重新调整[6]。为方便灭火，在16号隧道附近部署一辆罐车[27]。

 
山羊峡谷栈桥北面出口

第二次世界大战结束后，圣迭戈及亚利桑那东部铁路受到汽车旅游上升影响而客量下降[28]，最于在1951年终止了横跨栈桥的定期客运服务[12][15][17][29]，但货运服务仍断断续续地持续[15]。1976年飓风凯瑟琳吹袭使大桥及铁路其它部分受损，至1981年才能完全修复[13][30]。1983年，一条隧道倒塌又使铁路服务再度中断[31]。1999年，胡尔·侯赛造访栈桥及替公共广播的纪录片加州的金（California's Gold）拍摄一集关于此桥梁[32]。修复工程拖到2003年才展开[31]，在锡达山火期间，维修人员协助加州林业部灭火[33]。

卡里索峡谷铁路在2004年修复完成后恢复通车[15]。太平洋西南铁路博物馆提供一条观光路线，从坎波出发[15]。2008年，沙漠路线，包括墨西哥北部和卡里索峡谷无限期关闭以进行维护工程，使栈桥的使用再一次终止[34]。2017年初，桥梁附近的6号隧道倒塌，路线受阻[35]。2018年1月，下加利福尼亚州铁路评估路线的维修，希望能把它重新投入使用[36]，但在2021年放弃了计划[37]。栈桥成为了远足的热门地点[2][6][9][38]。

附近环境

编辑
主条目：山羊峡谷 (卡里索峡谷)

山羊峡谷位于加州圣迭戈县[39]，峡谷其中一个特色是有一个干瀑布[40]。峡谷是结晶基底[41]，至少自1970年代起，濒危物种大角羊在栈桥附近出没[2][42]，此外同属濒危的贝氏莺雀亦在附近可见[43]。2017年的沙漠绽放期间，猴花在峡谷中开花[44]。

复制品

编辑

圣迭戈模型铁路博物馆曾有一个HO轨栈桥复制品[45]，模型比例为1:87[46]，离地面6英尺（1.8米）及高10英尺（3.0米）[47]。此模型在1941年完成，比博物馆更早完工[48]。此外博物馆亦有另一个以1855年勘测的路线为基础，1:160的N轨栈桥复制品[46][49]。

参考资料

编辑
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Cowan, Ernie. World's largest wooden trestle is in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. North County Times (San Diego County). May 2, 2004 [February 15, 2018]. 原始内容存档于2008-07-04. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Japenga, Ann. Rail renegades. Los Angeles Times. March 30, 2004 [February 15, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-13）. 
  3. ^ Robbins, Christine. Engstrand, Iris W.; McClain, Molly; Strathman, Theodore; Miller, David , 编. The Bridges of San Diego County: The Art of Civil Engineering (PDF). The Journal of San Diego History. Winter 2016, 62 (1): 5–36 [7 September 2019]. ISSN 0022-4383. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-05-13）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Stewart, Joshua. Border rail line to connect U.S., Mexico. San Diego Union-Tribune. June 9, 2016 [February 15, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
  5. ^ Amezcua, Carlos. SD&A Centennial celebration airs on San Diego's KUSI. KUSI News (San Diego). 15 November 2018 [7 September 2019]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
    Jennewein, Chris. Reopening Cross-Border Rail Line Gets South County Support. Times of San Diego. 9 May 2014 [7 September 2019]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. It includes the 186-foot-tall, 630-mile-long Goat Canyon Trestle, a historic Civil Engineering Landmark. 
    McCarthy, Eric. Flying into Writing. In Flight USA (San Mateo, California). August 2016 [7 September 2019]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. About three quarters of the way through the gorge is the Goat Canyon Trestle, a massive trestle bridge that, at 186 feet tall and 630 feet long, was in its day, the tallest wooden structure in daily use. It became a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1986. 
  6. ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 The Canyoneers. Get close but not too close to Carrizo Gorge trestle. San Diego Reader. July 19, 2017 [January 15, 2018]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Rangel, Alexis. San Diego & Arizona Eastern Railway, the 'Impossible Railroad,'. Imperial Valley Press (El Centro, California: El Centro Chamber of Commerce). August 12, 2013 [February 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Bell, Diane. Science Channel spotlights marvel in San Diego's back yard. San Diego Union Tribune. April 19, 2017 [February 15, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Baran, Robert. Goat Canyon Trestle Trek. San Diego Reader. May 29, 2010 [February 15, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-04-16）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Farquharson, Phillip T.; Bloom, David M.; Ziegler, Carole L. Geology and History of Southeastern San Diego County, California: San Diego Association of Geologists for 2005 and 2006. San Diego Association of Geologists. 2006: 85. ISBN 978-0-916251-78-9. 
  11. ^ Sarah Baxter. History of the World in 500 Railway Journeys. Aurum Press. 22 June 2017: 378. ISBN 978-1-78131-678-8. OCLC 1010740115. 
    Joe Yogerst. 100 Parks, 5,000 Ideas: Where to Go, When to Go, What to See, What to Do. National Geographic Books. 2019: 241–. ISBN 978-1-4262-2010-4. OCLC 1035427182. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Jack Scheffler Innis. San Diego Legends: The Events, People, and Places that Made History. Sunbelt Publications, Inc. 2004: 233–236. ISBN 978-0-932653-64-2. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Jerry Schad; Scott Turner. Afoot and Afield: San Diego County: 282 Spectacular Outings Along the Coast, Foothills, Mountains, and Desert. Wilderness Press. February 20, 2017: 1020. ISBN 978-0-89997-802-4. 
  14. ^ Dodge, Richard V. San Diego’s 'Impossible Railroad'. Dispatcher (Railway Historical Society of San Diego). June 29, 1956 [February 15, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-07）. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Beck, Darrell. On Memory's Back Trail: The Impossible Railroad. Ramona Home Journal (Ramona, California). December 1, 2011 [February 15, 2018]. （原始内容存档于February 18, 2018）. 
  16. ^ Carrico, Richard L. Book Review: Book on 'impossible railroad' well done. San Diego Union-Tribune. January 23, 2011 [February 17, 2018]. 
    Eddy, Lucinda. Visions of Paradise. San Diego Historical Society Quarterly. Summer 1995, 41 (3) [March 18, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-19）. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Price, James N. Scharf, Thomas L. , 编. The Railroad Stations of San Diego County. The Journal of San Diego History. April 1988, 34 (2): 123–135 [February 17, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
  18. ^ Joseph P. Schwieterman. When the Railroad Leaves Town: American Communities in the Age of Rail Line Abandonment. Truman State Univ Press. 2004: 36–38. ISBN 978-1-931112-14-7. 
    Richard J. Orsi. Sunset Limited: The Southern Pacific Railroad and the Development of the American West, 1850-1930. Univ of California Press. February 6, 2007: 40. ISBN 978-0-520-25164-9. 
  19. ^ The Station Agent: Official Publication of the Order of Railroad Station Agents. Order of Railroad Station Agents. 1920: 9. 
    McGrew, Clarence Alan. City of San Diego and San Diego County: The Birthplace of California. American Historical Society. 1922: 172. 
    Earth Mover and Road Builder .... Traffic Service Corporation. 1920: 6. 
    Randall, Laura. In Campo, California's Old West roots remain. Stars And Stripes. Washington Post. June 30, 2016 [March 20, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）. 
  20. ^ Goat Canyon Trestle Viewpoint Via Mortero Palms. Anza Borrego Foundation. （原始内容存档于February 17, 2018）. Goat Canyon trestle was built in 1932 after an earthquake collapsed one of the tunnels of the Carrizo Gorge section of the San Diego and Arizona Railway. 
    Key, Kevin. The Massive Goat Canyon Trestle – Brilliantly Illuminated by a Nearly Full Moon. Getty Images. [February 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
  21. ^ Carl, Eichenlaub. "SD&A# V-2/13" [map]. San Diego & Arizona. Campo, California: Southwest Railway Library, Pacific Southwest Railway Museum.
  22. ^ Angel, Milton. 240 Years of Ranching: Historical Research, Field Surveys, Oral Interviews, Significance Criteria, and Management Recommendations for Ranching Districts and Sites in the San Diego Region (PDF). 访谈 with Heather Thomson. San Diego: Save our Heritage Organization. July 30, 2001 [February 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-16）. 
    O'Herin, Charles M. Prototypes for Modelers: Vol. 1, San Diego & Arizona Railway. Link Pen Publishing. 2006: 55. ISBN 978-0-9776279-0-5. 
    SDAG Meeting Announcement (PDF). San Diego Association of Geologists. January 2015 [February 17, 2018]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-01-23）. 
  23. ^ San Diego and Arizona Railway. "WO-1111" [work order]. San Diego & Arizona. Campo, California: Southwest Railway Library, Pacific Southwest Railway Museum.
  24. ^ Robbins, Christine. The Bridges of San Diego County: The Art of Civil Engineering (PDF). The Journal of San Diego History. January 2016, 62 (1): 5–36 [February 16, 2018]. ISSN 0022-4383. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-05-15）. 
  25. ^ Deutsch, Reena. San Diego and Arizona Railway: The Impossible Railroad. Arcadia Publishing. 2011: 22 178. ISBN 978-1-4396-4047-0. 
  26. ^ Meet the Most Dangerous Wooden Railroad. Mysteries of the Abandoned. 2017 [2024-04-27]. Science Channel. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
  27. ^ Pacific Southwest Railway Museum volunteers. Attachment A: Desert Line - Rolling Stock Inventory (PDF). San Diego & Arizona Eastern Railway Company. San Diego Metropolitan Transit System. March 2016 [April 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-01-23）. 
    Carrizo Gorge Wilderness and Goat Canyon Trestle. Summitpost.org. February 16, 2012 [April 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
    Brennen, Christopher Earls. Hike K16. Carrizo Gorge. Adventure Hikes and Canyoneering in the Southwest. Caltech. February 10, 2001 [April 11, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-30）. 
    "SD&A H-285" [map]. San Diego & Arizona. Campo, California: Southwest Railway Library, Pacific Southwest Railway Museum.
  28. ^ Pamela Daly. Draft Historic Resource Technical Report For the Chollas Creek Multi-Use Path To Bayshore Bikeway Project, San Diego, California (PDF) (报告). City of San Diego: 17. November 2015 [April 10, 2018]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-01-23）. 
    Southern Pacific Bulletin 1957. Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association. December 5, 2000 [April 10, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-11）. Let's imagine we are boarding a train for a ride over this amazing route in spring when the country is at its best. It will be a freight train, because all through passenger service was abandoned in January, 1951. Fast highways drained away the passenger traffic. 
  29. ^ Journal of the Senate, Legislature of the State of California. California State Print. Office. 1953: 209. 
  30. ^ Pacific Rail News. Interurbans Publications. 1995: 44. 
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 Ristine, Jeff. Lakeside company hopes to move first freight by end of January. San Diego Union-Tribune. December 7, 2003 [February 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档于February 17, 2018）. 
    Lowell Lindsay; Diana Lindsay. Anza Borrego Desert Region: Your Complete Guide to the State Park and Adjacent Areas of the Western Colorado Desert. Wilderness Press. October 10, 2017: 388. ISBN 978-0-89997-780-5. 
  32. ^ Trestle- California’s Gold (1006). Huell Howser Archives. Chapman University. January 8, 1999 [February 15, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-06-20）. 
  33. ^ The 'Impossible' Goat Canyon Trestle. Roadtrip America. Flattop Productions, Inc. November 2003 [February 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
  34. ^ Dibble, Sandra. Rebuilding historic U.S.-Mexico rail link. San Diego Union Tribune. February 11, 2013 [March 16, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）. The last operator, Lakeside-based Carrizo Gorge Railway, was able to re-establish limited service in 2004. Those operations stopped in 2008 after the San Diego Metropolitan Transit System, which owns the Desert Line, raised concerns about its safety and demanded repairs that Carrizo Gorge could not afford. 
  35. ^ Hangrove, Dorian. MTS responds to Baja Rail charges. San Diego Reader. February 3, 2017 [February 17, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
  36. ^ Smith, Joshua Emerson. Will century-old Impossible Railroad finally thrive, delivering billions in economic activity?. San Diego Union-Tribune. January 15, 2018 [March 15, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
  37. ^ Smith, James Emerson. San Diego MTS determined to rehab ‘Impossible Railroad’ despite latest setback in the desert. San Diego Union-Tribune. 13 November 2021 [13 November 2021]. （原始内容存档于2024-04-17）. 
  38. ^ Huegel, Tony. California Desert Byways: 68 of California's Best Backcountry Drives. Wilderness Press. 2006: 168. ISBN 978-0-89997-413-2. 
    Lindsay, Lowell; Lindsay, Diana. Anza Borrego Desert Region: Your Complete Guide to the State Park and Adjacent Areas of the Western Colorado Desert. Wilderness Press. 2017: 437. ISBN 978-0-89997-780-5. 
    Goat Canyon Trestle Bridge via Carrizo Gorge Road. Alltrails.com. September 2010 [February 15, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-10）. 
  39. ^ Goat Canyon. Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. January 19, 1981 [March 28, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-30）. 
  40. ^ Baran, Robert. Goat Canyon Trestle Trek. San Diego Reader. May 29, 2010 [March 28, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2024-04-16）. 
  41. ^ James R. Evans. Landslides in Crystalline Basement Terrain: Annual Field Trip 1988. San Diego Association of Geologists. 1988. 
  42. ^ Raftery, Miriam. Experts Voice Alarm Over Survival of Local Bighorn Sheep. East County Magazine (La Mesa, California: Heartland Coalition). March 17, 2014 [February 16, 2018]. 
  43. ^ Eastern San Diego County Resource Management Plan and Record of Decision (PDF). El Centro Field Office. Bureau of Land Management. October 2008 [February 16, 2018]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-01-30）. 
  44. ^ Brandis, Jack. Weekend Driver: Flowergeddon. San Diego Union-Tribune. April 6, 2017 [March 28, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
  45. ^ Griswold, P. R. Railroads of California: Seeing the State by Rail. American Traveler Press. 1992: 32. ISBN 978-1-55838-121-6. 
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 Kent J. Johnson. Basic Model Railroading: Getting Started in the Hobby. Kalmbach Publishing, Co. 1998: 6. ISBN 978-0-89024-334-3. 
  47. ^ All Aboard San Diego’s Railroad Museum. Coronado Lifestyles. Coronado Lifestyle Magazine. September 7, 2013 [February 17, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-03）. There’s even a 10-foot-high model of the Goat Canyon Trestle that crosses over the Carrizo Gorge. 
    Radcliff, Chris. Geeky Places To Take Your Kids: San Diego. Wired (Condé Nast Publications). May 28, 2007 [February 17, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2024-01-23）. 
  48. ^ Voss, Paul; Schaumberg, William C. 20 years of the San Diego Model R.R. Museum. Railroad Model Craftsman (White River Productions). March 2001 [February 17, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-18）. 
  49. ^ Pacific Desert Line. San Diego Society of N Scale. January 8, 2018 [January 17, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）. Parts of our layouts coincide, and as a result, the museum now has two versions of the Goat Canyon Trestle. 
    Crevoshay, Fay. A Parent's Guide to San Diego and Baja California. Mars Publishing, Incorporated. 2003: 32. ISBN 978-1-931199-28-5. 

外部链接

编辑
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=山羊峽谷棧橋&oldid=83876397”