维基百科

山羊峡谷栈桥

美国加州木造栈桥

山羊峡谷栈桥（英语：Goat Canyon Trestle）是一条位于加州圣迭戈县的木造栈桥[1]，长597—750英尺（182—229米），是世上最大的全木造栈桥[1][8][10][11]。桥梁在1933年建成，原为圣迭戈及亚利桑那东部铁路的一部份，此前铁路公司尝试建造隧道以穿越卡里索峡谷[6][7]，但隧道倒塌后便改为兴建桥梁。这条铁路在1919年完工前被称为“不可能的铁路”[12] ，从下加利福尼亚州出发，经过圣迭戈东部抵达帝王谷。由于卡里索峡谷的温度波动，桥梁是由木造而非钢铁[6]。时至今日，大部份铁路都停用了此栈桥[13]。

山羊峡谷栈桥
Goat Canyon Trestle
2016年的桥梁
坐标32°43′45″N 116°11′00″W / 32.72917°N 116.18333°W / 32.72917; -116.18333
跨越山羊峡谷[1]
地点安沙波利哥沙漠州立公园[1][2]
其他名称山羊峡谷铁路栈桥[3]
业主圣迭戈都会运输系统[2][4]
保护状况圣迭戈历史土木工程地标[5]
设计参数
建筑材料红杉亚木[1]
全长597[6]—750[1][7]英尺（182—229米）
高度186[2][6]—200[1][8][9]英尺（57—61米）
历史
开工日1932年[8]
完工日1933年[6]
取代15号隧道[6]
地图
地图

背景

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圣迭戈及亚利桑那东部铁路在时任总统西奥多·罗斯福催促及得到爱德华·亨利·哈里曼支持下[14][15]，于1907年在约翰·D·施普雷克尔斯监督下开始修建[4]。工程师们称这条铁路为“不可能的铁路”，因为需要穿越科罗拉多沙漠和哈昆巴山[12]。铁路最终在1919年完工，连接圣迭戈和帝王谷，途中进入墨西哥国境[2]。在兴建铁路前，圣迭戈唯一铁路是北面经洛杉矶的铁路，且在19世纪末在完成[16][17]。新铁路能连接南太平洋铁路而非北面的艾奇逊、托皮卡和圣塔菲铁路[18]。在铁路开通时及栈桥兴建前，这铁路最标志性的桥梁是坎波溪高架桥（Campo Creek Viaduct），长600英尺（180米）及高200英尺（61米）[15][19]。

 
已倒塌的15号隧道北面出口

圣迭戈及亚利桑那东部铁路经历了不少困难，包括岩石滑坡和隧道倒塌，使铁路不时需要关闭[2]。1932年3月15日的地震使15号隧道倒塌[9][20]，至今仍可见其遗迹[10]。

历史

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圣迭戈及亚利桑那铁路由首席工程师卡尔·艾肯鲍姆（Carl Eichenlaub）设计，根据CS-33标准普通图则设计[21]。桥梁因应15号隧道倒塌而建造[22]，原本设计长度为633英尺（193米），高186英尺（57米）[23]，在1932年动工兴建[8][24]。桥梁部份在峡谷底部完成组装后，然后吊升至相应位置[6]。由于峡谷有显著的温度波动，因此采用红杉亚木作为桥梁材料[25]，与整条铁路铁轨属同一木材，如采用钢铁则会导致金属疲劳[6]。为抵御峡谷的强风，桥梁以14°弯度建成[8][26]。此外桥梁没有任何一颗钉子[8]，反而使用螺栓。栈桥最终在1933年完成，而铁路路线亦需要重新调整[6]。为方便灭火，在16号隧道附近部署一辆罐车[27]。

 
山羊峡谷栈桥北面出口

第二次世界大战结束后，圣迭戈及亚利桑那东部铁路受到汽车旅游上升影响而客量下降[28]，最于在1951年终止了横跨栈桥的定期客运服务[12][15][17][29]，但货运服务仍断断续续地持续[15]。1976年飓风凯瑟琳吹袭使大桥及铁路其它部份受损，至1981年才能完全修复[13][30]。1983年，一条隧道倒塌又使铁路服务再度中断[31]。1999年，胡尔·侯赛造访栈桥及替公共广播的纪录片加州的金（California's Gold）拍摄一集关于此桥梁[32]。修复工程拖到2003年才展开[31]，在锡达山火期间，维修人员协助加州林业部灭火[33]。

卡里索峡谷铁路在2004年修复完成后恢复通车[15]。太平洋西南铁路博物馆提供一条观光路线，从坎波出发[15]。2008年，沙漠路线，包括墨西哥北部和卡里索峡谷无限期关闭以进行维护工程，使栈桥的使用再一次终止[34]。2017年初，桥梁附近的6号隧道倒塌，路线受阻[35]。2018年1月，下加利福尼亚州铁路评估路线的维修，希望能把它重新投入使用[36]，但在2021年放弃了计划[37]。栈桥成为了远足的热门地点[2][6][9][38]。

附近环境

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主条目：山羊峡谷 (卡里索峡谷)

山羊峡谷位于加州圣迭戈县[39]，峡谷其中一个特色是有一个干瀑布[40]。峡谷是结晶基底[41]，至少自1970年代起，濒危物种大角羊在栈桥附近出没[2][42]，此外同属濒危的贝氏莺雀亦在附近可见[43]。2017年的沙漠绽放期间，猴花在峡谷中开花[44]。

复制品

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圣迭戈模型铁路博物馆曾有一个HO轨栈桥复制品[45]，模型比例为1:87[46]，离地面6英尺（1.8米）及高10英尺（3.0米）[47]。此模型在1941年完成，比博物馆更早完工[48]。此外博物馆亦有另一个以1855年勘测的路线为基础，1:160的N轨栈桥复制品[46][49]。

参考资料

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外部链接

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检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=山羊峽谷棧橋&oldid=83876397”