維基百科

山羊峽谷棧橋

美国加州木造栈桥

山羊峽谷棧橋（英語：Goat Canyon Trestle）是一條位於加州聖迭戈縣的木造棧橋[1]，長597—750英尺（182—229公尺），是世上最大的全木造棧橋[1][8][10][11]。橋樑在1933年建成，原為聖迭戈及亞利桑那東部鐵路的一部份，此前鐵路公司嘗試建造隧道以穿越卡里索峽谷[6][7]，但隧道倒塌後便改為興建橋樑。這條鐵路在1919年完工前被稱為「不可能的鐵路」[12] ，從下加利福尼亞州出發，經過聖迭戈東部抵達帝王谷。由於卡里索峽谷的溫度波動，橋樑是由木造而非鋼鐵[6]。時至今日，大部份鐵路都停用了此棧橋[13]。

山羊峽谷棧橋
Goat Canyon Trestle
2016年的橋樑
座標32°43′45″N 116°11′00″W / 32.72917°N 116.18333°W / 32.72917; -116.18333
跨越山羊峽谷[1]
地點安沙波利哥沙漠州立公園[1][2]
其他名稱山羊峽谷鐵路棧橋[3]
業主聖迭戈都會運輸系統[2][4]
保護狀況聖迭戈歷史土木工程地標[5]
設計參數
建築材料紅杉亞木[1]
全長597[6]—750[1][7]英尺（182—229米）
高度186[2][6]—200[1][8][9]英尺（57—61米）
歷史
開工日1932年[8]
完工日1933年[6]
取代15號隧道[6]
地圖
地圖

背景

編輯

聖迭戈及亞利桑那東部鐵路在時任總統西奧多·羅斯福催促及得到愛德華·亨利·哈里曼支持下[14][15]，於1907年在約翰·D·施普雷克爾斯監督下開始修建[4]。工程師們稱這條鐵路為「不可能的鐵路」，因為需要穿越科羅拉多沙漠和哈昆巴山[12]。鐵路最終在1919年完工，連接聖迭戈和帝王谷，途中進入墨西哥國境[2]。在興建鐵路前，聖迭戈唯一鐵路是北面經洛杉磯的鐵路，且在19世紀末在完成[16][17]。新鐵路能連接南太平洋鐵路而非北面的艾奇遜、托皮卡和聖塔菲鐵路[18]。在鐵路開通時及棧橋興建前，這鐵路最標誌性的橋樑是坎波溪高架橋（Campo Creek Viaduct），長600英尺（180公尺）及高200英尺（61公尺）[15][19]。

 
已倒塌的15號隧道北面出口

聖迭戈及亞利桑那東部鐵路經歷了不少困難，包括岩石滑坡和隧道倒塌，使鐵路不時需要關閉[2]。1932年3月15日的地震使15號隧道倒塌[9][20]，至今仍可見其遺跡[10]。

歷史

編輯

聖迭戈及亞利桑那鐵路由首席工程師卡爾·艾肯鮑姆（Carl Eichenlaub）設計，根據CS-33標準普通圖則設計[21]。橋樑因應15號隧道倒塌而建造[22]，原本設計長度為633英尺（193公尺），高186英尺（57公尺）[23]，在1932年動工興建[8][24]。橋樑部份在峽谷底部完成組裝後，然後吊升至相應位置[6]。由於峽谷有顯著的溫度波動，因此採用紅杉亞木作為橋樑材料[25]，與整條鐵路鐵軌屬同一木材，如採用鋼鐵則會導致金屬疲勞[6]。為抵禦峽谷的強風，橋樑以14°彎度建成[8][26]。此外橋樑沒有任何一顆釘子[8]，反而使用螺栓。棧橋最終在1933年完成，而鐵路路線亦需要重新調整[6]。為方便滅火，在16號隧道附近部署一輛罐車[27]。

 
山羊峽谷棧橋北面出口

第二次世界大戰結束後，聖迭戈及亞利桑那東部鐵路受到汽車旅遊上升影響而客量下降[28]，最於在1951年終止了橫跨棧橋的定期客運服務[12][15][17][29]，但貨運服務仍斷斷續續地持續[15]。1976年颶風凱瑟琳吹襲使大橋及鐵路其它部份受損，至1981年才能完全修復[13][30]。1983年，一條隧道倒塌又使鐵路服務再度中斷[31]。1999年，胡爾·侯賽造訪棧橋及替公共廣播的紀錄片加州的金（California's Gold）拍攝一集關於此橋樑[32]。修復工程拖到2003年才展開[31]，在錫達山火期間，維修人員協助加州林業部滅火[33]。

卡里索峽谷鐵路在2004年修復完成後恢復通車[15]。太平洋西南鐵路博物館提供一條觀光路線，從坎波出發[15]。2008年，沙漠路線，包括墨西哥北部和卡里索峽谷無限期關閉以進行維護工程，使棧橋的使用再一次終止[34]。2017年初，橋樑附近的6號隧道倒塌，路線受阻[35]。2018年1月，下加利福尼亞州鐵路評估路線的維修，希望能把它重新投入使用[36]，但在2021年放棄了計劃[37]。棧橋成為了遠足的熱門地點[2][6][9][38]。

附近環境

編輯
主條目：山羊峽谷 (卡里索峽谷)

山羊峽谷位於加州聖迭戈縣[39]，峽谷其中一個特色是有一個乾瀑布[40]。峽谷是結晶基底[41]，至少自1970年代起，瀕危物種大角羊在棧橋附近出沒[2][42]，此外同屬瀕危的貝氏鶯雀亦在附近可見[43]。2017年的沙漠綻放期間，猴花在峽谷中開花[44]。

複製品

編輯

聖迭戈模型鐵路博物館曾有一個HO軌棧橋複製品[45]，模型比例為1:87[46]，離地面6英尺（1.8公尺）及高10英尺（3.0公尺）[47]。此模型在1941年完成，比博物館更早完工[48]。此外博物館亦有另一個以1855年勘測的路線為基礎，1:160的N軌棧橋複製品[46][49]。

參考資料

編輯
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外部連結

編輯
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=山羊峽谷棧橋&oldid=83876397」