希腊-弗里吉亚语

希腊-弗里吉亚语族印欧语系假定的次级分类,包含希腊语族弗里吉亚语

希腊-弗里吉亚语族
Greco-Phrygian
地理分布巴尔干半岛南部、安纳托利亚塞浦路斯
谱系学分类印欧语系
  • 希腊-弗里吉亚语族
分支
Glottologgrae1234[1]

主流观点一般认为希腊语是弗里吉亚语关系最近的亲属,支持者有Brixhe、Neumann、Matzinger、Woodhouse、Ligorio、Lubotsky和Obrador-Cursach。此外,Obrador Cursach收集的36条共同创新证据中,弗里吉亚语和希腊语共享34个,其中22个是它们独有的。最近50年来,弗里吉亚语学界发展出了希腊-弗里吉亚语假说,认为希腊语和弗里吉亚语有共同祖先。如果弗里吉亚语的语料能再多些,这种语言应该能被构拟出来。[2]:72[3]:171[4]:1816[5]:102[6]:238-239[6]:243

证据

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语言学家Claude Brixhe指出下列希腊语和弗里吉亚语共享且特有的特征:[2]

Obrador-Cursach (2019)给出了语音学形态学词汇学证据以支持希腊语和弗里吉亚语间的紧密关系,并附以弗里吉亚语、希腊语亚美尼亚语阿尔巴尼亚语印度-伊朗语族的共同创新。[6]:234-238

语音
弗里吉亚语特征 希腊 亚美尼亚 阿尔巴尼亚 印度-伊朗
颚音 + - - -
*CRh₃C > *CRōC + - - -
/s/失落 + + + -
词首增元音 + + + -
*-ih₂ > -iya + - + -
*ki̯- > s- + - - -
*-m > -n + + ? -
*M > T - + - -
形态[a]
弗里吉亚语特征 希腊 亚美尼亚 阿尔巴尼亚 印度-伊朗
条件的ai + - - -
e增音 + + + +
e-指示词 + - - -
*-eh₂-s 阳性 + - - -
t-扩大 + - - -
-e-yo-中的动词 + - - -
-o-yo-中的动词 + - - -
*-dh + - - -
*dhh₁s-ó- + - - -
*-eu̯-/*-ēu̯- + - - -
*gu̯her-mo- + + + -
*gneh₂-ik- + + - -
*h₂eu̯-to- + - + -
*h₃nh₃-mn- + + - -
*méǵh₂-s + - - -
*meh₁ + + + +
*-mh₁no- + - - -
ni(y)/νι + - - -
*-(t)or - ? - -
-toy/-τοι + - - +
  1. ^ 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。
词汇[a]
弗里吉亚语特征 希腊 亚美尼亚 阿尔巴尼亚 印度-伊朗
*bhoh₂-t-/*bheh₂-t- + - - -
*(h₁)en-mén- + - - -
hl̥h₃-ró- + - - -
kako- + - - -
ken- + + - -
*koru̯- + - - -
*mōro- + - - -
*sleh₂g- + - - -
  1. ^ 高亮部分表示无法排除借词。

其他假设

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希腊语也曾被与亚美尼亚语印度-伊朗语族(希腊-亚美尼亚语希腊-雅利安语)、古马其顿语(希腊语族)、晚些时候和梅萨比语被划在一起。希腊语和古马其顿语最常组成希腊语族;其他时候古马其顿语被视作是希腊语方言,这时候希腊语族只包括希腊语方言。语言学家瓦茨拉夫·布拉热科认为,就这些语言的系属分类而言,“语料中的词汇尚不足以支持定量分析”(参见语料库语言学定量比较语言学)。[7]:6

参考

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  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Graeco-Phrygian. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Brixhe, Claude. Phrygian. Woodard, Roger D (编). The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press. 2008 [2021-10-01]. ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5. (原始内容存档于2022-03-19). "Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek."
  3. ^ Woodhouse 2009:This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.
  4. ^ Ligorio & Lubotsky (2018): "Phrygian is most closely related to Greek. The two languages share a few unique innovations [...] It is therefore very likely that both languages emerged from a single language, which was spoken in the Balkans at the end of the third millennium BCE.
  5. ^ Obrador-Cursach 2018:Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Obrador-Cursach 2020:To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36 features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44). 引用错误:带有name属性“FOOTNOTEObrador-Cursach2020”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  7. ^ Blažek, Václav. On the internal classification of Indo-European languages: survey (PDF). Linguistica Online. November 2005 [2021-10-01]. ISSN 1801-5336. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-04-20). 

书目

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阅读更多

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  • Blažek, Václav. Paleo-Balkanian Languages I: Hellenic Languages (PDF). Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity 10. Brno: Masarykova univerzita: 15–33. 2005 [2021-10-01]. ISBN 80-210-3784-9. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-05-09). 
  • Brixhe, Claude. Interactions between Greek and Phrygian under the Roman Empire. Adams, J. N.; Janse, Mark (编). Bilingualism in Ancient Society: Language Contact and the Written Text. Oxford University Press. 2002. :246–266
  • Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction 2nd. Blackwell. 2011. :203, 252
  • Masson, Olivier. Anatolian Languages. Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S. (编). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1991. :668–669
  • Woudhuizen, Fred C. Phrygian & Greek (PDF). Talanta, Proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society 40–41: 181–217. 2008–2009. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于7 April 2014).