老实人

《老实人》（法语：Candide, ou l'Optimisme）是1759年，启蒙运动时期哲学家伏尔泰所著的一部法国讽刺小说。这部中篇小说以一位名为憨第德（Candide）的青年揭开序幕，先描述他在一位贵族的城堡里过着受庇护无忧无虑的生活（犹如伊甸园乐土），与贵族的女儿（Cunegonde）相互倾心，同时被他的老师潘格罗士灌输予莱布尼茨式乐观主义。然而，好日不长，一天憨第德一时冲动亲吻了Cunegonde，恰巧被她父亲撞见，于是憨第德被这贵族“踢着背”赶了出城堡。憨第德从此开始了他漫长的旅行生涯，周游欧洲各地以及北美洲。一路上他见证并亲身体会了人间的苦难，潘格罗士所教授给他的乐观主义不断受到挑战，并开始不断质问人生的意义。在最后，几经离合，当众人再次聚在一块时，（伏尔泰为）憨第德做出结论，如不彻底的拒斥乐观主义，专注于现实辛勤耕耘，人生才不会那么痛苦，“我们必须照顾我们的花园”(Il faut cultiver notre jardin.)，而不是无休止地讨论哲学问题，否定潘格罗士的莱布尼茨式魔咒，“对去任何世界而言，这样子生活是最好的”“ It's for the best of all possible worlds”。

老实人
《老实人》出版于巴黎、1759年版本的封面，其写着，“憨第德，或乐观主义。译自德国的雷尔夫博士。”
原名	Candide, ou l'Optimisme
作者	伏尔泰
类型	短篇哲学；讽刺小说；浪人小说；教育小说
语言	法文
主题	奴隶制度、战争、哲学、旅行、unhappiness、爱、丧事、sociability、进食、财富、人口迁徙、反讽、社会、人、理智、冒险、灾害、乐观主义
故事时代背景	1750年代
故事背景地点	威尼斯、大不列颠岛、君士坦丁堡、保加利亚
发行信息
插图	尚-米歇尔·莫罗
出版机构	1759年：克拉默、马克-米歇尔·雷、尚·诺斯、兰伯特等人
出版时间	1759年1月
出版地点	法国
媒介	出版
规范控制
ISBN	不适用

《老实人》以它讽刺的语调，以及它古怪、怪诞且紧凑的故事情节闻名。有着类似较严肃的教育小说或浪人小说的情节，它滑稽地模仿了许多冒险与爱情的陈词滥调，并以尖刻、风趣而不带感情的笔调描写其奋斗过程。被论述的事情仍旧通常取材自历史事件，例如七年战争及1755年里斯本大地震。当伏尔泰时代的哲学家们为罪恶问题争辩不休时，这本小说里的憨第德也不例外，尽管其更直接而滑稽。伏尔泰透过讽喻讥笑宗教信仰、神学家、政府、军队、哲学与哲学家；最显著的，他抨击莱布尼茨及他的乐观主义。

参考资料

参考书目

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• Silva, Edward T. From Candide to Candy: Love's Labor Lost. Journal of Popular Culture. 1974, 8: 783–791. ISSN 0022-3840. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1975.00783.x. EBSCO Accession Number 1975201832. 

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延伸阅读

• Adorno, Theodor W. Redmond, Dennis , 编. Negative Dialectics. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag. 1970 [2007-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2007-08-26）. 

• Betts, C. J. On the Beginning and Ending of Candide. The Modern Language Review. 1985年4月, 80 (2): 283–292. doi:10.2307/3728661. 

• Cates, David Allan. Comparing Candide and X Out of Wonderland (PDF). XOutofWonderland.com. [2008-01-06]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-02-16）. 

• Gullace, Giovanni. Il Candide nel pensiero di Voltaire. Napoli: Società editrice napoletana. 1985. 

• Gullette, Cameron C. Fanfluche - Cousin of Candide. The French Review. 1934年12月, 8 (2): 93–107. 

• Henry, Patrick. Travel in Candide: Moving On But Going Nowhere. Papers on Language & Literature. 1977年春季, 13 (2): 193–197. ISSN 0031-1294. EBSCO Accession Number 7728974. 

• Henry, Patrick. Time in Candide. Studies in Short Fiction. 1977年冬季, 14 (1): 86–8. ISSN 0039-3789. EBSCO Accession Number 7150968. 

• Henry, Patrick. Working in Candide's Garden. Studies in Short Fiction. 1977b年春季, 14 (2): 183–184. ISSN 0039-3789. EBSCO Accession Number 7153217. 

• Henry, Patrick. Contre Barthes. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. 1987, 249 [2007-07-10]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-28）. 

• Howells, R. J. "Cette Boucherie Héroïque": "Candide" as Carnival. The Modern Language Review. 1985年4月, 80 (2): 293–303. doi:10.2307/3728662. 

• Kirby, David. The new Candide or what I learned in the theory wars. Virginia Quarterly Review. 1993年夏季, 69 (3): p393, 15p. ISSN 0042-675X. EBSCO Accession Number 9308316577.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link)

• Lynch, James J. Romance Conventions in Voltaire's Candide. South Atlantic Review. 1985年1月, 50 (1): 35–46. doi:10.2307/3199529. 

• Marsh, Leonard. Voltaire's Candide. Explicator. 2004年春季, 62 (3): 144–146. ISSN 0014-4940. EBSCO Accession Number 13275608. 

• Oake, Roger B. Review of "Voltaire and Candide". Comparative Literature. 1961年春季, 13 (2): 176–178. doi:10.2307/1768579. 

• Scherr, Arthur. Voltaire's Candide. Explicator. 2001年冬季, 59 (2): 225. doi:10.2307/2913581. EBSCO Accession Number 4423176. 

• Sturm, Mary J.; Parsell, David B. Critical Survey of Short Fiction Second Revised. Salem Press, Inc. 2001. ISBN 0-89356-006-5; EBSCO Accession Number MOL0120000549. 

外部链接

• Candide: Illustrations of a classic – Bibliography of illustrated editions, list of available electronic editions and more useful information from Trier University Library
• A digital scanning of a 1901 edition of Candide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Candide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – free audio download from LibriVox（English translation)
• Podcast lecture on Candide from Dr Martin Evans at Stanford University （iTunes link）
• – a public wiki dedicated to Candide
• A Brief Bibliography for the Study of Candide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – issued by the Voltaire Society of America