维基百科

抗辐射奇异球菌

一种细菌

抗辐射奇异球菌（学名：Deinococcus radiodurans）又称耐辐射奇球菌，是奇异球菌门异常球菌纲奇异球菌科奇异球菌属的一种对辐射有免疫力的嗜极生物，可以承受能杀死人类3000倍和蟑螂无法抵抗的15倍辐射，也可在充满辐射的外太空存活3年。该菌具有超强的DNA损伤修复能力以及多种高效抗氧化系统的协同作用，使其能够在数小时内高效而精准地修复同一个基因组中产生的多达100个以上的DNA双链断裂[1][2]。

抗辐射奇异球菌
抗辐射奇异球菌
科学分类 编辑
域： 细菌域 Bacteria
门： 奇异球菌门 Deinococcota
纲： 异常球菌纲 Deinococci
目： 奇异球菌目 Deinococcales
科： 奇异球菌科 Deinococcaceae
属： 奇异球菌属 Deinococcus
种：
抗辐射奇异球菌 D. radiodurans
二名法
Deinococcus radiodurans
Brooks & Murray, 1981
异名

耐辐射微球菌 Micrococcus radiodurans

抗辐射奇异球菌最早是1956年辐照灭菌后仍腐败的肉罐头中分离得到的, 被命名为耐辐射微球菌(Micrococcus radiodurans)，属于微球菌属，之后才归为奇异球菌属[3][4]。

进化与起源

编辑

对具有超强辐射抗性的耐辐射奇球菌在进化上的认识存在不同的观点。

天外来客说

编辑

“天外来客”说认为耐辐射奇球菌可能源自于其他星球，比如火星，随着陨石等外来物质落入地球而在地球上出现[4]。这一假说最早由俄罗斯空间生物学研究中心的科学家于2003年在欧洲地球物理学会年会提出，并得到了一定的支持[4]。实验证据显示，耐辐射奇球菌在外太空环境中具有长期存活的能力，甚至可以承受长达45年的星际旅行[5][6]。此外，模拟火星表面环境的实验也证实了耐辐射奇球菌对于极端环境的适应性[7]。

干旱协同进化

编辑

“干旱协同进化”学说认为耐辐射奇球菌起源于地球，并在长时间的干旱环境中逐步演化出了其超强的DNA损伤修复能力，从而形成了其抗辐射的特性[8][9]。这一学说得到了大量的研究支持，因为耐辐射奇球菌不仅在辐射环境下具备生存能力，还能在干燥条件下长期存活[8]。其与其他在干旱环境下生存的微生物表现出相似的特征（如拟甲色球藻属成员），进一步支持了这一假说[10]。

细胞结构

编辑

耐辐射奇球菌的单个细胞直径约为1-2微米，为一种好氧、非致病菌，因其细胞中合成类胡萝卜素而呈红色[4]。其细胞壁具有特殊的6层结构，成分与革兰氏阴性菌相近，但不包含磷壁酸组分，在结晶紫染色后，很难使其脱色，呈现出革兰氏染色阳性的特征[4]。这种独特的细胞壁结构被认为具有更强的抵御电离辐射和紫外射线的能力[11]。在对数生长期和稳定期，耐辐射奇球菌的细胞通常以二连体或四叠体的形式存在，其四叠体具有碳水化合物外壳，起到了支撑和保护作用，帮助其适应极端环境[12]。

耐辐射奇球菌的基因组包含两个主要的环状染色体（Ⅰ号染色体约为2.65 Mb，Ⅱ号染色体约为412 kb）以及大小分别为177和46 kb的质粒[13]。其基因组的GC含量高达66.6%，这种高GC含量在一定程度上维持了DNA结构的稳定[4]。耐辐射奇球菌的预测开放阅读框中约有四分之一只存在于该菌或异常球菌属中，推测其可能来自于不同未知物种的水平基因转移[4]。在稳定生长期，耐辐射奇球菌四叠体的拟核部分显示为异常致密的环状结构，这种结构被认为能够阻止电离辐射所造成DNA碎片在修复过程中的弥散，使得修复更为有效[14][15][16]。同时耐辐射奇球菌在不同的生长时期具有4-10个基因组拷贝，能够为DNA损伤修复提供更多的修复模板[17]。

耐辐射奇球菌的细胞中金属锰离子浓度高达0.2-3 mmol/L，并且具有非常高的锰铁比[18]。与其他辐射不耐受的细菌相比，其细胞内的这种高水平锰铁比与生物的辐射抗性成正相关[19][20]。锰离子通过多种途径帮助耐辐射奇球菌抵御高剂量的电离辐射，包括维持细胞拟核的高度浓缩状态、降低细胞中的氧化水平以及激活DNA损伤修复蛋白和抗氧化酶的活性[19]。

DNA修复机制

编辑
参见：DNA修复

高剂量电离辐射会导致大量的DNA损伤，其中双链断裂（DSB）是最为严重的类型之一[4]。在耐辐射奇球菌中，DNA修复主要分为两个阶段。

  1. DNA损伤的响应
    细胞需要在转录水平上对DNA损伤进行响应，以启动重组修复途径[4]。在一般的原核细胞中，存在一种称为“SOS应答机制”的模型，其中单链DNA与RecA蛋白形成复合物，促进阻遏蛋白LexA的自切割反应，从而激活DNA修复基因的转录[21]。然而耐辐射奇球菌中不存在具有活性的LexA蛋白，而是通过转录因子DdrO蛋白和金属依赖蛋白酶PprI介导的新型转录遏制去除机制来响应DNA损伤[22][23][24]。PprI蛋白的琥珀酰化修饰可以调控其蛋白酶活性，进而影响DdrO蛋白与启动子的结合，从而调控DNA修复基因的表达[25][26][27]。此外，耐辐射奇球菌还编码了一系列的新型转录因子，如毒素-抗毒素系统和drRRA等，参与了细胞内的DNA损伤响应过程[28][29][30]。
  2. DNA损伤的切除
    DNA修复途径的起始依赖于蛋白复合体对于DNA双链断裂处的5′末端进行特异性降解，产生3ʹ末端单链，进而招募RecA等蛋白完成后续的链交换反应[4]。耐辐射奇球菌拥有两套解旋酶-核酸酶系统，分别为HerA-NurA和RecJ-RecQ/UvrD[31][32][33][34]。这两套系统的功能分别依赖于HerA-NurA和RecJ蛋白的活性，其缺失将降低细菌对辐射胁迫的耐受性[4]。此外，耐辐射奇球菌RecJ蛋白还具有与HerA蛋白相互作用的能力，可能存在一个由HerA蛋白介导的协同工作机制[33]。

抗氧化系统

编辑

耐辐射奇球菌的抗氧化系统主要包括抗氧化酶系统和非酶类机制。抗氧化酶系统包括超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶，这些酶能够高效清除ROS（活性氧自由基）[4]。尽管这些蛋白的功能有一定的重叠，但它们在耐辐射奇球菌中的表达水平明显高于其他微生物，能够具有更强的抗氧化能力[35]。

非酶类抗氧化系统包括类胡萝卜素、吡咯喹啉醌和Dps蛋白等[36][37][38]。类胡萝卜素在耐辐射奇球菌中具有较强的自由基清除能力，其合成通路已被完全鉴定[4]。其中，八氢番茄红素合成酶是该通路中最关键的蛋白之一，其缺失将导致耐辐射奇球菌无法合成类胡萝卜素，从而降低其对电离辐射和氧化胁迫的抗性[39][40]。

应用

编辑

耐辐射奇球菌的重组修复途径与真核细胞同源，因此被视为重要的模式生物之一，其易于培养、操作方便的特点使其成为DNA修复研究的理想对象[4]。耐辐射奇球菌中的光敏色素DrBphP能够用作单体红外荧光蛋白，可用于疾病探查[41]。

耐辐射奇球菌具有超强的辐射抗性，使其在放射性核素和重金属污染治理方面具有天然优势[42]。通过表达异化型亚硫酸盐还原酶等生物修复工程，可以将可溶性的六价铀还原为不可溶的四价铀，实现对铀的有效富集[43]。将汞还原酶基因导入耐辐射奇球菌，使其能够耐受高浓度的汞胁迫，并将其还原为更安全的形态[44]。工程改造的耐辐射奇球菌还能够对钴、锶、砷等重金属进行生物吸附[45][46][47]。

参考文献

编辑
  1. ^ Slade, Dea; Lindner, Ariel B.; Paul, Gregory; Radman, Miroslav. Recombination and Replication in DNA Repair of Heavily Irradiated Deinococcus radiodurans. Cell. 2009-03, 136 (6): 1044–1055. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.018. 
  2. ^ Zahradka, Ksenija; Slade, Dea; Bailone, Adriana; Sommer, Suzanne; Averbeck, Dietrich; Petranovic, Mirjana; Lindner, Ariel B.; Radman, Miroslav. Reassembly of shattered chromosomes in Deinococcus radiodurans. Nature. 2006-10, 443 (7111): 569–573. doi:10.1038/nature05160. 
  3. ^ Huyghe, Patrick. C onan the B acterium. The Sciences. 1998-07-08, 38 (4): 16–19. doi:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1998.tb03393.x. 
  4. ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Zha, QingQiao; Zhao, Ye. Radiation-resistance mechanism and potential utilization of extremely radioresistant bacterium <italic>Deinococcus radiodurans</italic>. SCIENTIA SINICA Vitae. 2024-03-01, 54 (3): 469–481. doi:10.1360/SSV-2023-0062. 
  5. ^ Yamagishi, Akihiko; Kawaguchi, Yuko; Yokobori, Shin-ichi; Hashimoto, Hirofumi; Yano, Hajime; Imai, Eiichi; Kodaira, Satoshi; Uchihori, Yukio; Nakagawa, Kazumichi. Environmental Data and Survival Data of Deinococcus aetherius from the Exposure Facility of the Japan Experimental Module of the International Space Station Obtained by the Tanpopo Mission. Astrobiology. 2018-11-01, 18 (11): 1369–1374. doi:10.1089/ast.2017.1751. 
  6. ^ Kawaguchi, Yuko; Shibuya, Mio; Kinoshita, Iori; Yatabe, Jun; Narumi, Issay; Shibata, Hiromi; Hayashi, Risako; Fujiwara, Daisuke; Murano, Yuka; Hashimoto, Hirofumi; Imai, Eiichi; Kodaira, Satoshi; Uchihori, Yukio; Nakagawa, Kazumichi; Mita, Hajime; Yokobori, Shin-ichi; Yamagishi, Akihiko. DNA Damage and Survival Time Course of Deinococcal Cell Pellets During 3 Years of Exposure to Outer Space. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020-08-26, 11. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.02050. 
  7. ^ Horne, William H.; Volpe, Robert P.; Korza, George; DePratti, Sarah; Conze, Isabel H.; Shuryak, Igor; Grebenc, Tine; Matrosova, Vera Y.; Gaidamakova, Elena K.; Tkavc, Rok; Sharma, Ajay; Gostinčar, Cene; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina; Hoffman, Brian M.; Setlow, Peter; Daly, Michael J. Effects of Desiccation and Freezing on Microbial Ionizing Radiation Survivability: Considerations for Mars Sample Return. Astrobiology. 2022-11-01, 22 (11): 1337–1350. doi:10.1089/ast.2022.0065. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Mattimore, V; Battista, J R. Radioresistance of Deinococcus radiodurans: functions necessary to survive ionizing radiation are also necessary to survive prolonged desiccation. Journal of Bacteriology. 1996-02, 178 (3): 633–637 [2024-04-28]. ISSN 0021-9193. doi:10.1128/jb.178.3.633-637.1996. （原始内容存档于2024-04-28） （英语）. 
  9. ^ Cox, Michael M.; Battista, John R. Deinococcus radiodurans — the consummate survivor. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2005-11, 3 (11): 882–892. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1264. 
  10. ^ Billi, Daniela; Friedmann, E. Imre; Hofer, Kurt G.; Caiola, Maria Grilli; Ocampo-Friedmann, Roseli. Ionizing-Radiation Resistance in the Desiccation-Tolerant Cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000-04, 66 (4): 1489–1492. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.4.1489-1492.2000. 
  11. ^ Chauhan, Deepika; Srivastava, Pulkit Anupam; Ritzl, Barbara; Yennamalli, Ragothaman M.; Cava, Felipe; Priyadarshini, Richa. Amino Acid-Dependent Alterations in Cell Wall and Cell Morphology of Deinococcus indicus DR1. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019-07-03, 10. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01449. 
  12. ^ von Kügelgen, Andriko; van Dorst, Sofie; Yamashita, Keitaro; Sexton, Danielle L.; Tocheva, Elitza I.; Murshudov, Garib; Alva, Vikram; Bharat, Tanmay A. M. Interdigitated immunoglobulin arrays form the hyperstable surface layer of the extremophilic bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2023-04-18, 120 (16). doi:10.1073/pnas.2215808120. 
  13. ^ Lin, Jieyi; Qi, Rong; Aston, Christopher; Jing, Junping; Anantharaman, Thomas S.; Mishra, Bud; White, Owen; Daly, Michael J.; Minton, Kenneth W.; Venter, J. Craig; Schwartz, David C. Whole-Genome Shotgun Optical Mapping of Deinococcus radiodurans. Science. 1999-09-03, 285 (5433): 1558–1562. doi:10.1126/science.285.5433.1558. 
  14. ^ Gao, GuanJun; Lu, HuiMing; Yin, LongFei; Hua, YueJin. Ring-like nucleoid does not play a key role in radioresistance of Deinococcus radiodurans. Science in China Series C: Life Sciences. 2007-08, 50 (4): 525–529. doi:10.1007/s11427-007-0061-x. 
  15. ^ Levin-Zaidman, Smadar; Englander, Joseph; Shimoni, Eyal; Sharma, Ajay K.; Minton, Kenneth W.; Minsky, Abraham. Ringlike Structure of the Deinococcus radiodurans Genome: A Key to Radioresistance?. Science. 2003-01-10, 299 (5604): 254–256. doi:10.1126/science.1077865. 
  16. ^ Minsky, Abraham; Shimoni, Eyal; Englander, Joseph. Ring-Like Nucleoids and DNA Repair through Error-Free Nonhomologous End Joining in Deinococcus radiodurans. Journal of Bacteriology. 2006-09, 188 (17): 6047–6051. doi:10.1128/jb.01951-05. 
  17. ^ Kitayama, Shigeru; Matsuyama, Akira. Genome Multiplicity and Radiation Resistance in Micrococcus radiodurans1. The Journal of Biochemistry. 1981-07, 90 (3): 877–880. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a133544. 
  18. ^ Daly, M. J.; Gaidamakova, E. K.; Matrosova, V. Y.; Vasilenko, A.; Zhai, M.; Venkateswaran, A.; Hess, M.; Omelchenko, M. V.; Kostandarithes, H. M.; Makarova, K. S.; Wackett, L. P.; Fredrickson, J. K.; Ghosal, D. Accumulation of Mn(II) in Deinococcus radiodurans Facilitates Gamma-Radiation Resistance. Science. 2004-11-05, 306 (5698): 1025–1028. doi:10.1126/science.1103185. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 Daly, Michael J.; Gaidamakova, Elena K.; Matrosova, Vera Y.; Kiang, Juliann G.; Fukumoto, Risaku; Lee, Duck-Yeon; Wehr, Nancy B.; Viteri, Gabriela A.; Berlett, Barbara S.; Levine, Rodney L. Small-Molecule Antioxidant Proteome-Shields in Deinococcus radiodurans. PLoS ONE. 2010-09-03, 5 (9): e12570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012570. 
  20. ^ Fredrickson, James K; Li, Shu-mei W; Gaidamakova, Elena K; Matrosova, Vera Y; Zhai, Min; Sulloway, Heather M; Scholten, Johannes C; Brown, Mindy G; Balkwill, David L; Daly, Michael J. Protein oxidation: key to bacterial desiccation resistance?. The ISME Journal. 2008-04-01, 2 (4): 393–403. doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.116. 
  21. ^ Maslowska, Katarzyna H.; Makiela‐Dzbenska, Karolina; Fijalkowska, Iwona J. The SOS system: A complex and tightly regulated response to DNA damage. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 2019-05, 60 (4): 368–384. doi:10.1002/em.22267. 
  22. ^ Lu, Huizhi; Hua, Yuejin. PprI: The Key Protein in Response to DNA Damage in Deinococcus. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021-01-18, 8. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.609714. 
  23. ^ Blanchard, Laurence; de Groot, Arjan. Coexistence of SOS-Dependent and SOS-Independent Regulation of DNA Repair Genes in Radiation-Resistant Deinococcus Bacteria. Cells. 2021-04-16, 10 (4): 924. doi:10.3390/cells10040924. 
  24. ^ Lim, Sangyong; Jung, Jong-Hyun; Blanchard, Laurence; de Groot, Arjan. Conservation and diversity of radiation and oxidative stress resistance mechanisms in Deinococcus species. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2019-01-01, 43 (1): 19–52. doi:10.1093/femsre/fuy037. 
  25. ^ Devigne, Alice; Ithurbide, Solenne; Bouthier de la Tour, Claire; Passot, Fanny; Mathieu, Martine; Sommer, Suzanne; Servant, Pascale. DdrO is an essential protein that regulates the radiation desiccation response and the apoptotic‐like cell death in the radioresistant D einococcus radiodurans bacterium. Molecular Microbiology. 2015-06, 96 (5): 1069–1084. doi:10.1111/mmi.12991. 
  26. ^ Wang, Yunguang; Xu, Qiang; Lu, Huiming; Lin, Lin; Wang, Liangyan; Xu, Hong; Cui, Xianyan; Zhang, Hui; Li, Tingting; Hua, Yuejin. Protease Activity of PprI Facilitates DNA Damage Response: Mn(2+)-Dependence and Substrate Sequence-Specificity of the Proteolytic Reaction. PLOS ONE. 2015-03-26, 10 (3): e0122071. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122071. 
  27. ^ Zhou, Congli; Dai, Jingli; Lu, Huizhi; Chen, Zijing; Guo, Miao; He, Yuan; Gao, Kaixuan; Ge, Tong; Jin, Jiayu; Wang, Liangyan; Tian, Bing; Hua, Yuejin; Zhao, Ye. Succinylome Analysis Reveals the Involvement of Lysine Succinylation in the Extreme Resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans. PROTEOMICS. 2019-10, 19 (20). doi:10.1002/pmic.201900158. 
  28. ^ Wang, Liangyan; Xu, Guangzhi; Chen, Huan; Zhao, Ye; Xu, Nan; Tian, Bing; Hua, Yuejin. DrRRA: a novel response regulator essential for the extreme radioresistance of Deinococcus radiodurans. Molecular Microbiology. 2008-03, 67 (6): 1211–1222. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06113.x. 
  29. ^ Wang, Liangyan; Hu, Jing; Liu, Mengjia; Yang, Su; Zhao, Ye; Cheng, Kaiying; Xu, Guangzhi; Li, Mingfeng; Tian, Bing; Hua, Yuejin. Proteomic insights into the functional basis for the response regulator DrRRA of Deinococcus radiodurans. International Journal of Radiation Biology. 2016-05-03, 92 (5): 273–280. doi:10.3109/09553002.2016.1150618. 
  30. ^ Dai, Jingli; Chen, Zijing; Hou, Jinfeng; Wang, Yudong; Guo, Miao; Cao, Jiajia; Wang, Liangyan; Xu, Hong; Tian, Bing; Zhao, Ye. MazEF Toxin-Antitoxin System-Mediated DNA Damage Stress Response in Deinococcus radiodurans. Frontiers in Genetics. 2021-02-19, 12. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.632423. 
  31. ^ Cheng, K; Chen, X; Xu, G; Wang, L; Xu, H; Yang, S; Zhao, Y; Hua, Y. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of the NurA-HerA Complex from Deinococcus radiodurans.. Journal of bacteriology. 2015-06-15, 197 (12): 2048–61. PMID 25868646. doi:10.1128/JB.00018-15. 
  32. ^ Xu, Ying; Xu, Lingyi; Qin, Chen; Wang, Liangyan; Guo, Jiangtao; Hua, Yuejin; Zhao, Ye. Mechanisms of helicase activated DNA end resection in bacteria. Structure. 2022-09, 30 (9): 1298–1306.e3. doi:10.1016/j.str.2022.06.005. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Cheng, Kaiying; Zhao, Ye; Chen, Xuanyi; Li, Tao; Wang, Liangyan; Xu, Hong; Tian, Bing; Hua, Yuejin. A Novel C-Terminal Domain of RecJ is Critical for Interaction with HerA in Deinococcus radiodurans. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2015-11-30, 6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01302. 
  34. ^ Cheng, Kaiying; Xu, Hong; Chen, Xuanyi; Wang, Liangyan; Tian, Bing; Zhao, Ye; Hua, Yuejin. Structural basis for DNA 5´-end resection by RecJ. eLife. 2016-04-08, 5. doi:10.7554/eLife.14294. 
  35. ^ Qi, Hui-zhou; Wang, Wu-zhou; He, Jun-yan; Ma, Yun; Xiao, Fang-zhu; He, Shu-ya. Antioxidative system of Deinococcus radiodurans. Research in Microbiology. 2020-03, 171 (2): 45–54. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2019.11.002. 
  36. ^ Tian, B; Xu, Z; Sun, Z; Lin, J; Hua, Y. Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of carotenoids from Deinococcus radiodurans through targeted mutagenesis, chemiluminescence, and DNA damage analyses. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 2007-06, 1770 (6): 902–911. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.01.016. 
  37. ^ Tian, Bing; Hua, Yuejin. Carotenoid biosynthesis in extremophilic Deinococcus–Thermus bacteria. Trends in Microbiology. 2010-11, 18 (11): 512–520. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.07.007. 
  38. ^ Tian, B.; Sun, Z.; Shen, S.; Wang, H.; Jiao, J.; Wang, L.; Hu, Y.; Hua, Y. Effects of carotenoids from Deinococcus radiodurans on protein oxidation. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 2009-12, 49 (6): 689–694. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02727.x. 
  39. ^ Xu, Zhenjian; Tian, Bing; Sun, Zongtao.; Lin, Jun.; Hua, Yuejin. Identification and functional analysis of a phytoene desaturase gene from the extremely radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Microbiology. 2007-05-01, 153 (5): 1642–1652. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2006/002857-0. 
  40. ^ Zhang, Lei; Yang, Qiao; Luo, Xuesong; Fang, Chengxiang; Zhang, Qiuju; Tang, Yali. Knockout of crtB or crtI gene blocks the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Deinococcus radiodurans R1 and influences its resistance to oxidative DNA-damaging agents due to change of free radicals scavenging ability. Archives of Microbiology. 2007-10, 188 (4): 411–419. doi:10.1007/s00203-007-0262-5. 
  41. ^ Li, Lei; Shemetov, Anton A.; Baloban, Mikhail; Hu, Peng; Zhu, Liren; Shcherbakova, Daria M.; Zhang, Ruiying; Shi, Junhui; Yao, Junjie; Wang, Lihong V.; Verkhusha, Vladislav V. Small near-infrared photochromic protein for photoacoustic multi-contrast imaging and detection of protein interactions in vivo. Nature Communications. 2018-07-16, 9 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05231-3. 
  42. ^ Li, Shanshan; Zhu, Qiqi; Luo, Jiaqi; Shu, Yangzhen; Guo, Kexin; Xie, Jingxi; Xiao, Fangzhu; He, Shuya. Application Progress of Deinococcus radiodurans in Biological Treatment of Radioactive Uranium-Containing Wastewater. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 2021-12, 61 (4): 417–426. doi:10.1007/s12088-021-00969-9. 
  43. ^ Cheng, Conghui; Xie, Jingxi; Zhu, Qiqi; Chen, Luyao; Guo, Kexin; Li, Shanshan; He, Shuya; Xiao, Fangzhu. The reduction effect and mechanism of Deinococcus radiodurans transformed dsrA gene to uranyl ions. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2021-12, 330 (3): 1075–1090. doi:10.1007/s10967-021-08038-7. 
  44. ^ Brim, Hassan; McFarlan, Sara C.; Fredrickson, James K.; Minton, Kenneth W.; Zhai, Min; Wackett, Lawrence P.; Daly, Michael J. Engineering Deinococcus radiodurans for metal remediation in radioactive mixed waste environments. Nature Biotechnology. 2000-01, 18 (1): 85–90. doi:10.1038/71986. 
  45. ^ Chauhan, Deepika; Srivastava, Pulkit A.; Agnihotri, Vidushi; Yennamalli, Ragothaman M.; Priyadarshini, Richa. Structure and function prediction of arsenate reductase from Deinococcus indicus DR1. Journal of Molecular Modeling. 2019-01, 25 (1). doi:10.1007/s00894-018-3885-3. 
  46. ^ Guo, Kexin; Cheng, Conghui; Chen, Luyao; Xie, Jingxi; Li, Shanshan; He, Shuya; Xiao, Fangzhu. Application of Deinococcus radiodurans in the treatment of environmental pollution by heavy metals and radionuclides. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2022-02, 331 (2): 655–664. doi:10.1007/s10967-021-08141-9. 
  47. ^ Gogada, Raghu; Singh, Surya Satyanarayana; Lunavat, Shanti Kumari; Pamarthi, Maruthi Mohan; Rodrigue, Agnes; Vadivelu, Balaji; Phanithi, Prakash-Babu; Gopala, Venkateswaran; Apte, Shree Kumar. Engineered Deinococcus radiodurans R1 with NiCoT genes for bioremoval of trace cobalt from spent decontamination solutions of nuclear power reactors. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2015-11, 99 (21): 9203–9213. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6761-4. 

外部链接

编辑
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=抗輻射奇異球菌&oldid=84011697”