方向—社会民主党
（重定向自方向－社會民主黨）
方向—社会民主党（斯洛伐克语：Smer – sociálna demokracia），简称方向党，是斯洛伐克的左翼民族主义和左翼保守主义政党。领导人为斯洛伐克总理罗伯特·菲佐。该党自视为社会民主主义，并被描述为“左翼经济政策与民族主义诉求的结合体”[29]。
方向—社会民主党 Smer – sociálna demokracia | |
|---|---|
 方向—社会民主党标志 | |
| 简称 | Smer |
| 领袖 | 罗伯特·菲佐 |
| 副领袖 | |
| 总书记 | 马里安·萨隆 |
| 创始人 | 罗伯特·菲佐 |
| 成立 | 1999年11月8日 |
| 分裂自 | 民主左翼党 |
| 总部 | Súmračná 3263/25, 82102 布拉迪斯拉发 |
| 青年组织 | 青年社会民主人士 |
| 党员 （2022） | ▲ 13,095[1] |
| 意识形态 | |
| 政治立场 | 中间偏左[23]至左翼[24] |
| 欧洲组织 | 欧洲社会党（停权）[25] |
| 国际组织 | |
| 欧洲议会党团 | 无所属[26] |
| 官方色彩 | |
| 口号 | 稳定、秩序和社会保障[27] |
| 国民议会 | 42 / 150 |
| 欧洲议会 | 5 / 15 |
| 区份州长[28] | 1 / 8 |
| 区份议会[28] | 50 / 419 |
| 市长[28] | 516 / 2,904 |
| 地方议员[28] | 2,364 / 20,462 |
| 官方网站 | |
| strana-smer | |
| 斯洛伐克政治 政党 · 选举 | |
历史
编辑早期
编辑该党最初名为方向，是1999年从民主左翼党分裂而来。在当时极受欢迎的政治人物菲乔领导下，很快就超越民主左翼党。而前身为斯洛伐克共产党的执政党民主左翼党的支持率则不断下滑。2003年，该党更名为方向（第三条道路）[30]。2004年，拥有25席的方向－社会民主党为议会第三大党。2005年1月1日，民主左翼党、社会民主替代和斯洛伐克社会民主党并入该党，遂改名为“方向—社会民主党”。
首次执政
编辑在2006年斯洛伐克议会选举中，方向—社会民主党得票率达29.1%，囊获50席。之后，方向党与人民党—争取民主斯洛伐克运动、极右派民族主义政党斯洛伐克民族党组成执政联盟。[31][32][33][34]因此，2006年方向党遭欧洲社会党暂时停权。欧洲社会党认为斯洛伐克民族党为“煽动或企图挑起种族或民族偏见与种族仇恨的政党”。[35]欧洲社会党主席波尔·尼鲁普·拉斯穆森表示“我们大多数成员坚持着我们的价值观，与极端右派组成联盟无法接受”。[36]2008年撤销处分。
虽然方向－社会民主党在2010年斯洛伐克议会选举中继续蝉联第一大党宝座，取得62席，并领先第二大党保守派的斯洛伐克民主与基督教联盟－民主党[37]，但他们因失去执政伙伴而未能组阁。人民党–民主斯洛伐克运动未能跨越5%门槛，而斯洛伐克民族党滑落至9席。因此，四个中间偏右反对党－斯洛伐克民主与基督教联盟－民主党、自由与团结党、基督教民主运动、桥党筹组新政府。[38]
2012年斯洛伐克议会选举，3月12日，方向－社会民主党以83席取得绝对多数地位，获得44.4%的选票，成为国民议会第一大党，并拿下绝对多数的83席席次（全部150席），实现组建自1993年以来的首个单一执政党执政的政府。[39]
2014年4月，方向－社会民主党总统候选人菲乔在第二轮投票败给获右派支持的独立候选人。
2016年斯洛伐克议会选举，方向－社会民主党议席减至49席，仍为国民议会第一大党。最终方向—社会民主党与三个右派政党组成联合政府，联合政府在国会150席中有85席。而后因为连线党解散的关系所以在国会的席次降低至79席。
2023年斯洛伐克国民议会选举中，在罗伯特·菲佐带领下，方向—社会民主党赢得胜利，得票率为22.94%；由于未能取得半数以上席位，方向党需要与其他政党组成联合内阁。[40]
选举结果
编辑国民议会
编辑| 时间 | 领导 | 得票数 | 得票率 | 席位 | 名次 | 是否执政 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 罗伯特·菲佐 | 387,100 | 13.46 | 25 / 150
|
第3 | 否 |
| 2006 | 罗伯特·菲佐 | 671,185 ▲ | 29.14 ▲ | 50 / 150
|
第1▲ | 是 |
| 2010 | 罗伯特·菲佐 | 880,111 ▲ | 34.79 ▲ | 62 / 150
|
第1 | 否 |
| 2012 | 罗伯特·菲佐 | 1,134,180 ▲ | 44.41 ▲ | 83 / 150
|
第1 | 是 |
| 2016 | 罗伯特·菲佐 | 737,481 ▼ | 28.28 ▼ | 49 / 150
|
第1 | 是 |
| 2020 | 彼得·佩莱格里尼 | 527,172 ▼ | 18.29 ▼ | 38 / 150
|
第2▼ | 否 |
| 2023 | 罗伯特·菲佐 | 681,017 ▲ | 22.95 ▲ | 42 / 150
|
第1▲ | 是 |
总统选举
编辑| 时间 | 候选人 | 第一轮 | 第二轮 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 得票数 | 得票率 | 结果 | 得票数 | 得票率 | 结果 | ||
| 2004 | 伊万·盖斯巴洛维奇 | 442,564 | 22.28 | 晋级第二轮 | 1,079,592 | 59.91 | 当选 |
| 2009 | 伊万·盖斯巴洛维奇 | 876,061 | 46.71 | 晋级第二轮 | 1,234,787 | 55.53 | 当选 |
| 2014 | 罗伯特·菲佐 | 531,919 | 28.00 | 晋级第二轮 | 893,841 | 40.61 | 未能当选 |
欧洲议会
编辑| 时间 | 得票数 | 得票率 | 席位 | 名次 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 118,535 | 16.89 | 3 / 14
|
第3 |
| 2009 | 264,722 ▲ | 32.01 ▲ | 5 / 13
|
第1 ▲ |
| 2014 | 135,189 ▼ | 24.09 ▼ | 4 / 13
|
第1 |
| 2019 | 154,996 ▲ | 15.72 ▼ | 3 / 14
|
第2 ▼ |
参考文献
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Following in the path of the social democratic party Smer in Slovakia, the social democrats in the Czech Republic and Romania are well positioned to benefit from this.
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. That did not imply electoral punishment for the social-democratic Smer party. The party won more votes than in the previous elections in 2006, but failure by its previous coalition allies meant that the right succeeded thanks to its ability to lead a viable coalition.
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The election was won by the ruling social democratic Smer-SD, which got 4 of 13 seats.
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Moreover, the Social Democratic Smer–SD and the economically liberal SaS both have some elements typical of social conservatism.
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This brought (Soft) Euroscepticism into the core of the party system involving not just right-wing conservative parties such as Law and Justice in Poland and Fidesz in Hungary, but centre-left governing parties such as the Czech Social Democrats and the social democratic Smer (Direction) party in Slovakia.
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被他刺杀的总理菲佐领导的执政联盟，也涵盖了从左翼保守主义到极右翼的多元党派。
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He was Slovakia’s representative to the European court of human rights from 1994 to 2000 and set up his centre-left Smer-SD party in 1999 after being turned down for a ministerial post by the Democratic Left, the Communists’ political heirs.
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Slovakia is approaching critical parliamentary elections. On 29 February voters will decide whether the main centre-left coalition party Smer-SD – which has led governments almost uninterrupted since 2006 – will stay in power, or whether the predominantly liberal opposition will force a change in government.
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Elections in Slovakia to the National Council, scheduled for 29 February, will likely confirm the continued falling support for the centre-left Smer-Social Democracy (Smer).
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- ^
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Fico's leftist, populist SMER-SSD (Direction-Slovak Social Democracy) struck a deal last week with the centre-left HLAS (Voice) and nationalist Slovak National Party (SNS) to form a coalition that will have 79 out of 150 seats in parliament.
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The leftist Smer, or Direction, party captured 22.9% of the vote in Slovakia's Sept 30 parliamentary election.
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Following Tuesday’s announcement by the social democratic Hlas (Voice) party, which finished third in the September 30 election with 14.7 percent, that it would focus on coalition talks with leftist-populist Smer (Direction), the victor of the ballot with 23 percent, the two parties on Wednesday announced agreement on forming a ruling coalition.
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The only potential exception appears to be the period from 2012 to 2016, but it is important to note that in that period, Direction—Social Democracy (SMER-Sociálna Demokracia; SMER) was the sole governing party and at the same time the only left-wing party in the parliament.
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At the same time, some agenda items, such as migration, have been co-opted by more mainstream parties, like the left-wing Direction—Social Democracy (SMER-SD, or SMER).
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外部链接
编辑- （斯洛伐克文） 官方网站