乍得语族

乍得语族
乍得语族
地理分布	尼日利亚、尼日尔、乍得、中非共和国及喀麦隆
谱系学分类	亚非语系乍得语族;
分支	比乌-曼达拉语支东乍得语支马萨Masa语支西乍得语支
ISO 639-5	cdc
	–
	; 查德语族在非洲的分布

乍得语族(Chadic languages)是亚非语系（闪含语系）之下的语族之一，语言人口主要分布于中、西非的尼日利亚北部、尼日尔、乍得、中非共和国及喀麦隆。乍得语族大致上可以分为比乌-曼达拉语支、东乍得语支、西乍得语支和马萨Masa语支四个语支。

豪萨语是乍得语族中语言人口分布最广泛的语言，属于西乍得语支，亦是西非的非官方通用语。

分支

比乌-曼达拉语支 (Biu-Mandara)
- Biu-Mandara A
  - Biu-Mandara A.1
    - Biu-Mandara Eastern A.1
      - Boga (bvw)
      - Ga'anda (gqa)
      - Hwana (hwo)
    - Biu-Mandara Western A.1
      - Jara (jaf)
      - 特拉语 Tera (ttr)
  - Biu-Mandara A.2
    - Nggwahyi (ngx)
    - Biu-Mandara A.2 1
      - Bura-Pabir (bwr)
      - Cibak (ckl)
      - Kofa (kso)
      - Putai (mfl)
    - Biu-Mandara A.2 2
      - Huba (hbb)
      - 南马尔吉语 Marghi South (mfm)
      - 中马尔吉语 Marghi Central (mrt)
  - Biu-Mandara A.3
    - Bana (bcw)
    - Hya (hya)
    - Kamwe (hig)
    - Psikye (kvj)
  - Biu-Mandara A.4
    - Lamang
      - Hdi (xed)
      - Lamang (hia)
      - Vemgo-Mabas (vem)
    - 纯正曼达拉 Mandara Proper
      - Glavda
        Cineni (cie)
        
        Dghwede (dgh)
        
        Glavda (glw)
        
        Guduf-Gava (gdf)
        
        Gvoko (ngs)
      - 曼达拉语 Mandara
        Wandala (mfi)
      - Podoko
        Parkwa (pbi)
  - Biu-Mandara A.5
    - Baldemu (bdn)
    - Cuvok (cuv)
    - Dugwor (dme)
    - 北吉西加语 Giziga, North (gis)
    - 南吉西加语 Giziga, South (giz)
    - Mada (mxu)
    - Mafa (maf)
    - Matal (mfh)
    - Mbuko (mqb)
    - Mefele (mfj)
    - Merey (meq)
    - Mofu, North (mfk)
    - Mofu-Gudur (mif)
    - Moloko (mlw)
    - Muyang (muy)
    - Vame (mlr)
    - Wuzlam (udl)
    - Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd)
  - Biu-Mandara A.6
    - Sukur (syk)
  - Biu-Mandara A.7
    - Buwal (bhs)
    - 达巴语 Daba (dbq)
    - Gavar (gou)
    - Mazagway (dkx)
    - Mbedam (xmd)
    - Mina (hna)
  - Biu-Mandara A.8
    - Bacama (bcy)
    - 巴塔语 Bata (bta)
    - Fali (fli)
    - Gude (gde)
    - Gudu (gdu)
    - Holma (hod)
    - Jimi (jim)
    - Ngwaba (ngw)
    - Nzanyi (nja)
    - Sharwa (swq)
    - Tsuvan (tsh)
    - Zizilivakan (ziz)
- Biu-Mandara B
  - Biu-Mandara B.1
    - Jilbe (jie)
    - 布杜马语 Buduma
      - 布杜马语 Buduma (bdm)
    - Jina
      - Jina (jia)
      - Majera (xmj)
    - 纯正科托科语 Kotoko Proper
      - Afade (aal)
      - Lagwan (kot)
      - Malgbe (mxf)
      - Maslam (msv)
      - Mpade (mpi)
      - Mser (kqx)
  - Biu-Mandara B.2
    - Mbara (mpk)
    - Musgu (mug)
    - Muskum (mje)
- Biu-Mandara C
  - Gidar (gid)
东乍得语支 (East Chadic)
- East Chadic A
  - East Chadic A.1
    - Buso (bso)
    - East Chadic A.1 1
      - Mire (mvh)
      - Ndam (ndm)
      - Somrai (sor)
      - Tumak (tmc)
    - East Chadic A.1 2
      - Boor (bvf)
      - Gadang (gdk)
      - Miltu (mlj)
      - Sarua (swy)
  - East Chadic A.2
    - East Chadic A.2 1
      - Kimré (kqp)
      - Lele (lln)
      - 南歇雷语 Nancere (nnc)
    - East Chadic A.2 2
      - Gabri (gab)
      - Kabalai (kvf)
      - Tobanga (tng)
  - East Chadic A.3
    - Kera (ker)
    - Kwang (kvi)
- East Chadic B
  - East Chadic B.1
    - East Chadic B.1 1
      - Bidiyo (bid)
      - 丹加利特语 Dangaléat (daa)
      - Jonkor Bourmataguil (jeu)
      - Mabire (muj)
      - Mawa (mcw)
      - Migaama (mmy)
      - Mogum (mou)
      - Ubi (ubi)
    - East Chadic B.1 2
      - Birgit (btf)
      - Kajakse (ckq)
      - Masmaje (mes)
      - 穆比语 Mubi (mub)
      - Toram (trj)
      - Zirenkel (zrn)
  - East Chadic B.2
    - Mukulu (moz)
  - East Chadic B.3
    - Barein (bva)
    - Saba (saa)
    - 索科罗语 Sokoro (sok)
    - Tamki (tax)
马萨语支 Masa
- Herdé (hed)
- Marba (mpg)
- Masana (mcn)
- Mesme (zim)
- Musey (mse)
- Ngete (nnn)
- Pévé (lme)
- Zumaya (zuy)
西乍得语支 (West Chadic)
- Luri (ldd)
- West Chadic A
  - Daza (dzd)
  - West Chadic A.1
    - 关达拉语 Gwandara (gwn)
    - 豪萨语（Hausa）(hau)
  - West Chadic A.2
    - Bole
      - Bure (bvh)
      - Bole Proper
        Beele (bxq)
        
        Bole (bol)
        
        Deno (dbb)
        
        Galambu (glo)
        
        Gera (gew)
        
        Geruma (gea)
        
        Giiwo (kks)
        
        Kholok (ktc)
        
        Kubi (kof)
        
        Maaka (mew)
        
        恩加莫语 Ngamo (nbh)
        
        Nyam (nmi)
      - 卡雷卡雷语 Karekare
        卡雷卡雷语 Karekare (kai)
    - 坦加勒 Tangale
      - Dera
        Dera (kna)
      - 纯正坦加勒 Tangale Proper
        Kushi (kuh)
        
        Kutto (kpa)
        
        Kwaami (ksq)
        
        Pero (pip)
        
        Piya-Kwonci (piy)
        
        坦加勒语 Tangale (tan)
  - West Chadic A.3
    - 纯正安加斯 Angas Proper
      - Angas Proper 1
        Cakfem-Mushere (cky)
        
        Jorto (jrt)
        
        Kofyar (kwl)
        
        Miship (mjs)
        
        Mwaghavul (sur)
        
        Ngas (anc)
      - Angas Proper 2
        Goemai (ank)
        
        Koenoem (kcs)
        
        Montol (mtl)
        
        Pyapun (pcw)
        
        Tal (tal)
    - Yiwom
      - Yiwom (gek)
  - West Chadic A.4
    - Fyer
      - Fyer (fie)
      - Tambas (tdk)
    - 纯正罗恩 Ron Proper
      - Duhwa (kbz)
      - Kulere (kul)
      - Mundat (mmf)
      - 罗恩语 Ron (cla)
      - Sha (scw)
- West Chadic B
  - West Chadic B.1
    - Auyokawa (auo)
    - 纯正巴德 Bade Proper
      - 巴德语 Bade (bde)
      - 恩吉津语 Ngizim (ngi)
      - Teshenawa (twc)
    - Duwai
      - Duwai (dbp)
  - West Chadic B.2
    - Ajawa (ajw)
    - Ciwogai (tgd)
    - Diri (dwa)
    - Kariya (kil)
    - Mburku (bbt)
    - Miya (mkf)
    - Pa'a (pqa)
    - Siri (sir)
    - Warji (wji)
    - Zumbun (jmb)
  - West Chadic B.3
    - Dass (dot)
    - Boghom
      - Boghom (bux)
      - Kir-Balar (kkr)
      - Mangas (zns)
    - Guruntum
      - Guruntum-Mbaaru (grd)
      - Ju (juu)
      - Tala (tak)
      - Zangwal (zah)
    - West Chadic B.3 Eastern
      - Jimi (jmi)
    - Zaar Proper
      - Geji (gji)
      - Polci (plj)
      - Saya (say)
      - Zari (zaz)
      - Zeem (zua)

参考文献

Ethnologue entry for Chadic languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' Africa, 9, 332–349.
Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, 1, 1–42.
Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
Newman, Paul (1980) The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
Newman, Paul and Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Comparative Chadic: phonology and lexicon.' Journal of African Languages, 5, 218–251.
Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55–60.

外部链接

Chadic Newsletter Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）