乍得語族

乍得語族
乍得語族
地理分佈	尼日利亞、尼日爾、乍得、中非共和國及喀麥隆
譜系學分類	亞非語系乍得語族;
分支	比烏-曼達拉語支東乍得語支馬薩Masa語支西乍得語支
ISO 639-5	cdc
	–
	; 查德語族在非洲的分布

乍得語族(Chadic languages)是亞非語系（閃含語系）之下的語族之一，語言人口主要分布於中、西非的尼日利亞北部、尼日爾、乍得、中非共和國及喀麥隆。乍得語族大致上可以分為比烏-曼達拉語支、東乍得語支、西乍得語支和馬薩Masa語支四個語支。

豪薩語是乍得語族中語言人口分布最廣泛的語言，屬於西乍得語支，亦是西非的非官方通用語。

分支

比烏-曼達拉語支 (Biu-Mandara)
- Biu-Mandara A
  - Biu-Mandara A.1
    - Biu-Mandara Eastern A.1
      - Boga (bvw)
      - Ga'anda (gqa)
      - Hwana (hwo)
    - Biu-Mandara Western A.1
      - Jara (jaf)
      - 特拉語 Tera (ttr)
  - Biu-Mandara A.2
    - Nggwahyi (ngx)
    - Biu-Mandara A.2 1
      - Bura-Pabir (bwr)
      - Cibak (ckl)
      - Kofa (kso)
      - Putai (mfl)
    - Biu-Mandara A.2 2
      - Huba (hbb)
      - 南馬爾吉語 Marghi South (mfm)
      - 中馬爾吉語 Marghi Central (mrt)
  - Biu-Mandara A.3
    - Bana (bcw)
    - Hya (hya)
    - Kamwe (hig)
    - Psikye (kvj)
  - Biu-Mandara A.4
    - Lamang
      - Hdi (xed)
      - Lamang (hia)
      - Vemgo-Mabas (vem)
    - 純正曼達拉 Mandara Proper
      - Glavda
        Cineni (cie)
        
        Dghwede (dgh)
        
        Glavda (glw)
        
        Guduf-Gava (gdf)
        
        Gvoko (ngs)
      - 曼達拉語 Mandara
        Wandala (mfi)
      - Podoko
        Parkwa (pbi)
  - Biu-Mandara A.5
    - Baldemu (bdn)
    - Cuvok (cuv)
    - Dugwor (dme)
    - 北吉西加語 Giziga, North (gis)
    - 南吉西加語 Giziga, South (giz)
    - Mada (mxu)
    - Mafa (maf)
    - Matal (mfh)
    - Mbuko (mqb)
    - Mefele (mfj)
    - Merey (meq)
    - Mofu, North (mfk)
    - Mofu-Gudur (mif)
    - Moloko (mlw)
    - Muyang (muy)
    - Vame (mlr)
    - Wuzlam (udl)
    - Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd)
  - Biu-Mandara A.6
    - Sukur (syk)
  - Biu-Mandara A.7
    - Buwal (bhs)
    - 達巴語 Daba (dbq)
    - Gavar (gou)
    - Mazagway (dkx)
    - Mbedam (xmd)
    - Mina (hna)
  - Biu-Mandara A.8
    - Bacama (bcy)
    - 巴塔語 Bata (bta)
    - Fali (fli)
    - Gude (gde)
    - Gudu (gdu)
    - Holma (hod)
    - Jimi (jim)
    - Ngwaba (ngw)
    - Nzanyi (nja)
    - Sharwa (swq)
    - Tsuvan (tsh)
    - Zizilivakan (ziz)
- Biu-Mandara B
  - Biu-Mandara B.1
    - Jilbe (jie)
    - 布杜馬語 Buduma
      - 布杜馬語 Buduma (bdm)
    - Jina
      - Jina (jia)
      - Majera (xmj)
    - 純正科托科語 Kotoko Proper
      - Afade (aal)
      - Lagwan (kot)
      - Malgbe (mxf)
      - Maslam (msv)
      - Mpade (mpi)
      - Mser (kqx)
  - Biu-Mandara B.2
    - Mbara (mpk)
    - Musgu (mug)
    - Muskum (mje)
- Biu-Mandara C
  - Gidar (gid)
東乍得語支 (East Chadic)
- East Chadic A
  - East Chadic A.1
    - Buso (bso)
    - East Chadic A.1 1
      - Mire (mvh)
      - Ndam (ndm)
      - Somrai (sor)
      - Tumak (tmc)
    - East Chadic A.1 2
      - Boor (bvf)
      - Gadang (gdk)
      - Miltu (mlj)
      - Sarua (swy)
  - East Chadic A.2
    - East Chadic A.2 1
      - Kimré (kqp)
      - Lele (lln)
      - 南歇雷語 Nancere (nnc)
    - East Chadic A.2 2
      - Gabri (gab)
      - Kabalai (kvf)
      - Tobanga (tng)
  - East Chadic A.3
    - Kera (ker)
    - Kwang (kvi)
- East Chadic B
  - East Chadic B.1
    - East Chadic B.1 1
      - Bidiyo (bid)
      - 丹加利特語 Dangaléat (daa)
      - Jonkor Bourmataguil (jeu)
      - Mabire (muj)
      - Mawa (mcw)
      - Migaama (mmy)
      - Mogum (mou)
      - Ubi (ubi)
    - East Chadic B.1 2
      - Birgit (btf)
      - Kajakse (ckq)
      - Masmaje (mes)
      - 穆比語 Mubi (mub)
      - Toram (trj)
      - Zirenkel (zrn)
  - East Chadic B.2
    - Mukulu (moz)
  - East Chadic B.3
    - Barein (bva)
    - Saba (saa)
    - 索科羅語 Sokoro (sok)
    - Tamki (tax)
馬薩語支 Masa
- Herdé (hed)
- Marba (mpg)
- Masana (mcn)
- Mesme (zim)
- Musey (mse)
- Ngete (nnn)
- Pévé (lme)
- Zumaya (zuy)
西乍得語支 (West Chadic)
- Luri (ldd)
- West Chadic A
  - Daza (dzd)
  - West Chadic A.1
    - 關達拉語 Gwandara (gwn)
    - 豪薩語（Hausa）(hau)
  - West Chadic A.2
    - Bole
      - Bure (bvh)
      - Bole Proper
        Beele (bxq)
        
        Bole (bol)
        
        Deno (dbb)
        
        Galambu (glo)
        
        Gera (gew)
        
        Geruma (gea)
        
        Giiwo (kks)
        
        Kholok (ktc)
        
        Kubi (kof)
        
        Maaka (mew)
        
        恩加莫語 Ngamo (nbh)
        
        Nyam (nmi)
      - 卡雷卡雷語 Karekare
        卡雷卡雷語 Karekare (kai)
    - 坦加勒 Tangale
      - Dera
        Dera (kna)
      - 純正坦加勒 Tangale Proper
        Kushi (kuh)
        
        Kutto (kpa)
        
        Kwaami (ksq)
        
        Pero (pip)
        
        Piya-Kwonci (piy)
        
        坦加勒語 Tangale (tan)
  - West Chadic A.3
    - 純正安加斯 Angas Proper
      - Angas Proper 1
        Cakfem-Mushere (cky)
        
        Jorto (jrt)
        
        Kofyar (kwl)
        
        Miship (mjs)
        
        Mwaghavul (sur)
        
        Ngas (anc)
      - Angas Proper 2
        Goemai (ank)
        
        Koenoem (kcs)
        
        Montol (mtl)
        
        Pyapun (pcw)
        
        Tal (tal)
    - Yiwom
      - Yiwom (gek)
  - West Chadic A.4
    - Fyer
      - Fyer (fie)
      - Tambas (tdk)
    - 純正羅恩 Ron Proper
      - Duhwa (kbz)
      - Kulere (kul)
      - Mundat (mmf)
      - 羅恩語 Ron (cla)
      - Sha (scw)
- West Chadic B
  - West Chadic B.1
    - Auyokawa (auo)
    - 純正巴德 Bade Proper
      - 巴德語 Bade (bde)
      - 恩吉津語 Ngizim (ngi)
      - Teshenawa (twc)
    - Duwai
      - Duwai (dbp)
  - West Chadic B.2
    - Ajawa (ajw)
    - Ciwogai (tgd)
    - Diri (dwa)
    - Kariya (kil)
    - Mburku (bbt)
    - Miya (mkf)
    - Pa'a (pqa)
    - Siri (sir)
    - Warji (wji)
    - Zumbun (jmb)
  - West Chadic B.3
    - Dass (dot)
    - Boghom
      - Boghom (bux)
      - Kir-Balar (kkr)
      - Mangas (zns)
    - Guruntum
      - Guruntum-Mbaaru (grd)
      - Ju (juu)
      - Tala (tak)
      - Zangwal (zah)
    - West Chadic B.3 Eastern
      - Jimi (jmi)
    - Zaar Proper
      - Geji (gji)
      - Polci (plj)
      - Saya (say)
      - Zari (zaz)
      - Zeem (zua)

參考文獻

Ethnologue entry for Chadic languages （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' Africa, 9, 332–349.
Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, 1, 1–42.
Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
Newman, Paul (1980) The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
Newman, Paul and Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Comparative Chadic: phonology and lexicon.' Journal of African Languages, 5, 218–251.
Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55–60.

外部連結

Chadic Newsletter Online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）