玻璃石

玻璃石（英语：Trinitite）是一种在1945年7月16日于美国新墨西哥州奥特罗县县治阿拉莫戈多进行^[2]的以钚为底的三位一体核试爆后的残余玻璃状矿物。此矿物主要成分为石英砂及长石组成的长石砂岩（长石包括了微斜长石及少量的斜长石），并带有少量的方解石、普通角闪石及普通辉石，包含在沙状黏土基质内^[3]，这些物质被核爆所熔解并混化形成玻璃石。此矿物通常为浅绿色，但颜色可有其它变化。此物质带有些微辐射，但可安全手执^[4]^[5]^[6]。

Levels of radioactivity in the trinity glass from two different samples as measured by gamma spectroscopy on lumps of the glass^[1]

在1940年代晚期及1950年代初期，矿物样品被搜集且以新奇物品被贩售给矿物搜集者，直到2019年，仍可以在三位一体核爆场地找到少量矿物，虽然大多数矿物已被美国原子能委员会在1953年以推土机掩埋^[7]。现在从核试爆场地采集剩下的矿物是违法行为，然而在禁令生效前采集的矿物仍在矿物搜集者手中。

形成

伪玻璃石

其它人造玻璃石

自然玻璃石

玻璃石有可能以自然方式而产生^[8] 。

闪电熔岩

玻璃石是人造的，但在许多易产生雷暴地区及沙漠地区发现的闪电熔岩是自然产生的。闪电熔岩可为中空或实心的玻璃物质，形状可为管状、块状、团状或是沙状。由石英砂、硅石、岩石、钙质层、生质、黏土或是其它土壤及沉积物构成。产生方式为雷击。

撞击石

撞击石是一种类似于玻璃石的物质，可由陨石撞击所形成。^[9]

珠宝用途

参考资料

^ P.P. Parekh, T.M. Semkow, M.A. Torres, D.K. Haines, J.M. Cooper, P.M. Rosenberg and M.E. Kitto. Radioactivity in Trinitite six decades later. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2006, 85 (1): 103–120. PMID 16102878. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.01.017.
^ Guttenberg, B. Interpretation of Records Obtained from the New Mexico Atomic Test, July 16, 1945. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 1946, 36: 327–330.
^ Optical properties of glass from Alamogordo, New Mexico (PDF). [2013-05-13]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-07-22）.
^ Kolb, W. M., and Carlock, P. G. Trinitite, 1999, The Atomic Age Mineral. This does not link to the book. http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/hiroshimatrinity/trinitite.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Nuclear weapons question, Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum. May not be entirely accurate. http://www.bautforum.com/general-science/9499-nuclear-weapons-question.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Analyzing Trinitite, Hunter Scott. http://www.hscott.net/analyzing-trinitite-a-radioactive-piece-of-nuclear-history/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Carroll L. Tyler, AEC letter to the Governor of New Mexico, July 16, 1953. Nuclear Testing Archive, NV0103562: https://www.osti.gov/opennet/detail?osti-id=16166107 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ Wittke JH, Weaver JC, Bunch TE, Kennett JP, Kennett DJ, Moore AM, Hillman GC, Tankersley KB, Goodyear AC, Moore CR, Daniel IR J, Ray JH, Lopinot NH, Ferraro D, Israde-Alcántara I, Bischoff JL, DeCarli PS, Hermes RE, Kloosterman JB, Revay Z, Howard GA, Kimbel DR, Kletetschka G, Nabelek L, Lipo CP, Sakai S, West A, Firestone RB. Evidence for deposition of 10 million tonnes of impact spherules across four continents 12,800 y ago.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2013, 110 (23): E2088–97. PMC 3677428  . PMID 23690611. doi:10.1073/pnas.1301760110. 温哥华格式错误 (帮助)
^ Wine Bottle Art – Ingenious Methods to Recycle Wine Bottles. Colloidal silicon dioxide. 16 October 2010 [2020-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-02）.

参看

外部链接

Trinitite info and photos （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Radiographic spectrum of Trinitite （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Ralph Pray's account of removing Trinitite from the site （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Trinitite in The Corning Museum of Glass collection

[1] P.P. Parekh, T.M. Semkow, M.A. Torres, D.K. Haines, J.M. Cooper, P.M. Rosenberg and M.E. Kitto. Radioactivity in Trinitite six decades later. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2006, 85 (1): 103–120. PMID 16102878. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.01.017.

[2] Guttenberg, B. Interpretation of Records Obtained from the New Mexico Atomic Test, July 16, 1945. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 1946, 36: 327–330.

[optprop-3] Optical properties of glass from Alamogordo, New Mexico (PDF). [2013-05-13]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-07-22）.

[4] Kolb, W. M., and Carlock, P. G. Trinitite, 1999, The Atomic Age Mineral. This does not link to the book. http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/hiroshimatrinity/trinitite.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[5] Nuclear weapons question, Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum. May not be entirely accurate. http://www.bautforum.com/general-science/9499-nuclear-weapons-question.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[6] Analyzing Trinitite, Hunter Scott. http://www.hscott.net/analyzing-trinitite-a-radioactive-piece-of-nuclear-history/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[7] Carroll L. Tyler, AEC letter to the Governor of New Mexico, July 16, 1953. Nuclear Testing Archive, NV0103562: https://www.osti.gov/opennet/detail?osti-id=16166107 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[8] Wittke JH, Weaver JC, Bunch TE, Kennett JP, Kennett DJ, Moore AM, Hillman GC, Tankersley KB, Goodyear AC, Moore CR, Daniel IR J, Ray JH, Lopinot NH, Ferraro D, Israde-Alcántara I, Bischoff JL, DeCarli PS, Hermes RE, Kloosterman JB, Revay Z, Howard GA, Kimbel DR, Kletetschka G, Nabelek L, Lipo CP, Sakai S, West A, Firestone RB. Evidence for deposition of 10 million tonnes of impact spherules across four continents 12,800 y ago.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2013, 110 (23): E2088–97. PMC 3677428  . PMID 23690611. doi:10.1073/pnas.1301760110. 温哥华格式错误 (帮助)

[9] Wine Bottle Art – Ingenious Methods to Recycle Wine Bottles. Colloidal silicon dioxide. 16 October 2010 [2020-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-02）.

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