社会化
(重定向自社会化)
社会化或社教化(英语:Socialization)是广泛应用于社会学、社会心理学、人类学、政治学与教育学范畴的名词,意指人类学习、继承各种社会规范、传统、意识形态等周遭的社会文化元素,并逐渐适应于其中的过程。对个人来说,社会化是学习同时扮演社会上不同的角色的过程。个人的社会化常受到地区文化的影响,且因个人的成长背景,社会化的过程、内容也会随之改变。
在社会学中,该概念是指社会规范和意识形态内化的过程。社会化包括学习和教学,因此是“实现社会和文化连续性的手段”。[1][2]
社会化与发展心理学密切相关。[3] 人类需要透过社会经验学习其所在社群之文化以及谋求生存。[4]
社会化本质上代表了整个生命过程中的整个学习过程,对成人和儿童的行为、信念和行动产生了核心影响。[5][6]
社会化可能会导致(在主观认定上)理想的结果—有时被称为“道德”—就其发生所在的文化社群而言。个人观点受社会共识影响,通常倾向于社会认为可以接受或“正常”的观点。社会化仅对人类的信仰和行为提供了部分解释,认为能动者(英语:agents,社会学术语)不是由环境预先确定的白板[7];科学研究提供证据表明,人们是由社会影响和基因共同塑造的。[8][9][10][11]
遗传研究表明,一个人的环境与其基因型相互作用,进而影响其行为产出。[12]
促进社会化的社会组织包括学校、民间团体、家庭、青少年中心、教堂等社交场合;协助社交化的媒体包括杂志、电影、电视等,因为它们传播着一些大众的文化价值。
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialisation and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company
- ^ Macionis, John J. Sociology 15th. Boston: Pearson. 2013: 126. ISBN 978-0133753271.
- ^ Billingham, M. (2007) Sociological Perspectives p.336 In Stretch, B. and Whitehouse, M. (eds.) (2007) Health and Social Care Book 1. Oxford: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-49915-0
- ^ Macionis, John J., and Linda M. Gerber. Sociology. Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2011. Print.
- ^ MLA Style: "socialization." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010.
- ^ Cromdal, Jakob. Socialization. K. Brown (编). Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. North-Holland: Elsevier. 2006: 462–66. ISBN 978-0080448541. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00353-9.
- ^ Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.
- ^ Dusheck, Jennie, "The Interpretation of Genes". Natural History, October 2002.
- ^ Carlson, N.R.; et al. (2005) Psychology: the science of behavior. Pearson (3rd Canadian edition). ISBN 0-205-45769-X.
- ^ Ridley, M. (2003) Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes us Human. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-200663-4.
- ^ Westen, D. (2002) Psychology: Brain, Behavior & Culture. Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-38754-1.
- ^ Kendler, K.S. and Baker, J.H. Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine. 2007, 37 (5): 615–26. PMID 17176502. S2CID 43598144. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009524.
- Chinoy, Ely (1961) Society: An Introduction to Sociology, New York: Random House.
- Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) Socialization and Society, Boston: Little Brown and Company.
- Johnson, Harry M. (1961) Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- McQuail, Dennis (2005) McQuail's Mass Communication Theory: Fifth Edition, London: Sage.
- Parsons, Talcott and Bales, Robert (1956) Family, Socialization and Interaction Process, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
- White, Graham (1977) Socialisation, London: Longman.
- Bogard, Kimber. "Citizenship attitudes and allegiances in diverse youth." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic minority Psychology14(4)(2008): 286-296.
- Mehan, Hugh. "Sociological Foundations Supporting the Study of Cultural Diversity." 1991. National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning.
- Robert Feldman, Ph.D. Child Development Third Edition, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.