自由核心小组
自由核心小组(英语:Freedom Caucus,又译自由党团),亦被称为众议院自由核心小组(英语:House Freedom Caucus),是在美国国会中,由保守派共和党联邦众议员组成的国会议员核心小组,通常被视为众议院共和党会议中最保守且最右翼的团体。[1][2][3][4][5]该核心小组成立于2015年1月,其创建者为保守派茶党运动成员[6][7],目的是将共和党推向右翼。[2]自由核心小组的首任主席吉姆·乔丹将其形容为“更小但更有凝聚力、更灵活且更活跃”的保守派众议员团体。[8]
自由核心小组 Freedom Caucus | |
---|---|
![]() 自由核心小组标志 | |
主席 | 鲍勃·古德 |
副主席 | 吉姆·乔丹 |
成立 | 2015年1月26日 |
分裂自 | 美国众议院共和党研究委员会 |
意识形态 | |
政治立场 | |
国内组织 | ![]() |
众议院共和党会议 | 45 / 222 |
联邦众议院 | 45 / 435 |
州上议院 | 19 / 1,987 |
州下议院 | 76 / 5,413 |
官方网站 | |
竞选网站 州自由核心小组网络 | |
美国政治 政党 · 选举 |
自由核心小组在政治光谱上的定位为右翼[9]乃至极右翼[10],其中一些成员则持有右翼民粹主义立场[11][12],例如反对移民政策改革。[13]该团体采取强硬的保守主义立场,支持社会保守主义和小政府[14][15],并多次寻求废除平价医疗法案。[16]作为原先由美国众议院共和党研究委员会分出的保守派成员团体,自由核心小组起初主张财政保守主义并忧心于众议院现行规则,因此提倡削减预算及众议院权力下放。[17][18]而到了后来,自由核心小组成为了唐纳德·特朗普的忠实拥趸。[17][19]诚如Politico所言,该小组“更多的是民族主义及民粹主义,而非受政策原则之约束”。[20]这一团体中还包括一些自由意志主义共和党人。[21][22]该核心小组通过政治行动委员会和众议院自由基金支持众议院候选人。[23][24]
历史
编辑自由核心小组起源于2015年1月中旬在宾夕法尼亚州赫希举行的一场共和党国会非正式会议。[25]根据创始成员米克·马尔瓦尼的说法,“这是我们首次决定聚在一起成立一个团体,而非仅仅只是生闷气。”[26]因此九名共和党联邦众议员决定在美国众议院共和党研究委员会以及众议院共和党会议以外成立一个新的核心小组,其第一届董事会的创始成员分别是新泽西州的斯科特·加勒特、俄亥俄州的吉姆·乔丹、路易斯安纳州的约翰·弗莱明、亚利桑那州的邵建隆、密歇根州的贾斯廷·阿马什、爱达荷州的劳尔·拉布拉多尔、南卡罗来纳州的马尔瓦尼、佛罗里达州的罗恩·德桑蒂斯以及北卡罗来纳州的马克·梅多斯。[27]
马尔瓦尼还曾和《纽约客》记者瑞安·利扎说,“我们为这个新团体想了20个名字,但它们都不够好。我其实并不喜欢‘自由核心小组’这个名字,它还是太过平庸了,不过我也没能找到反对这个名字的理由。”根据利扎的说法,该小组成员还曾考虑过“理性的疯子核心小组”这个名字。[26][28]
在2015年美国国土安全部资金危机期间,自由核心小组共提出了四项解决方案,但都遭到了共和党领导层否决。作为核心小组领导人之一的劳尔·拉布拉多尔表示,自由核心小组将会提供被最保守的共和党人所接受的替代方案。[29]
反对众议院议长约翰·博纳
编辑自由核心小组在成立之初就宣布,本小组的加入条件是反对约翰·博纳担任众议院议长,并通过投票阻挠其提出的被自由核心小组所反对之立法。[30]
自由核心小组成功促使博纳于2015年9月25日辞职,并参与了随后的议长选举。[31]投票反对博纳担任议长的核心小组成员认为自己受到了不公正的对待,这是因为很多成员被免去了在研究委员会以及核心小组中的职务。[32][33]博纳发现在保守派共和党人的反对之下,管理众议院的共和党人似乎成为了一项艰巨的任务。早在2013年时,博纳就因这些人主张通过关停政府来废除《平价医疗法案》与之发生过争执,而这些人最终于2015年加入了众议院自由核心小组。[30][34][35][36]
在博纳宣布辞去议长职位后,众议院多数党领袖凯文·麦卡锡成为了接替他的主要竞选者,不过自由核心小组拒绝支持麦卡锡。[37]麦卡锡最终于2015年10月8日退出了竞选,而在此之前不久他曾暗示班加西事件的调查是为了打击希拉里·克林顿的支持率。[38][39]在麦卡锡宣布退选后不久,里德·里布尔退出了自由核心小组。他声称他之所以加入该小组是为了促进某些政策的执行,并反对其在议长选举中所起到的作用。[40]
保罗·瑞安于2015年10月20日发表声明称自己能否当选议长取决于是否获得自由核心小组的官方背书[41],虽然最终未能达到官方背书所需的80%支持率,但该小组还是于2015年10月21日宣布小组内的绝大多数成员都支持瑞安。[42]2015年10月29日,瑞安成功接替了博纳的众议院议长职务。[43]
2017年10月30日,《名利场》杂志刊登了对约翰·博纳的采访。在谈到自由核心小组时,博纳批评称:“他们不会告诉你他们的目的是什么,他们只会告诉你他们所反对一切。他们就是一群无政府主义者,试图将一切都推倒重来,这就是他们的心态。”[44]
2016年的反扑
编辑在2016年选举时,自由核心小组受到了共和党建制派的激烈反扑。[45]作为其成员之一的堪萨斯州第一国会选区联邦众议员蒂姆·许尔斯卡普在共和党初选中被罗杰·马歇尔击败,从而失去了共和党提名。[46]
特朗普任内
编辑米克·马尔瓦尼在特朗普当选后曾说:“特朗普想要颠覆华盛顿,这是他的第一个信号,也是他胜利的信号。这也正是我们所要做的。我们会帮助他说服共和党人改变华盛顿,我们将会成为他在众议院的重要盟友。”[47]而核心小组的副主席吉姆·乔丹声称在特朗普任内,核心小组的工作重点将会从通过立法转变为替总统辩护。[48]
2017年拒绝美国医疗保健法案
编辑2017年3月24日,用于替代平价医疗法案的美国医疗保健法案由于票数不足而被众议院议长保罗·瑞安撤回。造成这一状况的原因之一是由于自由核心小组成员的反对,在他们看来,新推出的法案未能废除平价医疗法案中的某些要素。[49][50][51]
两天后,特朗普总统就此事公开批评了包括自由核心小组在内的几个右翼团体,其中还包括增长俱乐部以及美国遗产行动。他在推特上称,“华盛顿的民主党人肯定会大笑,居然是自由核心小组在增长俱乐部和美国遗产行动的帮助下拯救了奥巴马医改。”[52][53]而就在同一天,来自得克萨斯州的国会议员泰德·波辞去了自由核心小组中的职务。[54] 2017年3月30日,特朗普向自由核心小组“宣战”,并发推称如果他们不支持自己的医保法案,希望有共和党人在2018年中期选举中“打败他们”。[55]对此,贾斯廷·阿马什谴责特朗普“屈服于华盛顿特区的建制派”。[56]
不过后来特朗普和自由核心小组主席马克·梅多斯建立了更密切的关系。[57]2018年4月,特朗普又称赞梅多斯、吉姆·乔丹以及罗恩·德桑蒂斯为“绝对的勇士”,这是因为他们在特别顾问调查期间肯为特朗普辩护。[58]
第一次弹劾特朗普期间
编辑2019年五月,自由核心小组对其成员贾斯廷·阿马什进行了官方谴责,这是因为他在特朗普-乌克兰丑闻中呼吁弹劾特朗普。[59]阿马什于同年6月宣布退出自由核心小组,并于晚些时候退出共和党转投自由意志党。[60][61]
在对特朗普进行弹劾调查以及进行第一次弹劾期间,自由核心小组成员一直是其主要的辩护人。[62][63]
梅多斯被任命为白宫办公厅主任和批评莉兹·切尼
编辑2020年3月,前自由核心小组主席马克·梅多斯被任命为白宫办公厅主任,随后由同为自由核心小组创始成员的米克·马尔瓦尼接任核心小组主席。[64]
由于莉兹·切尼经常就外交政策、COVID-19防疫以及社交媒体使用等议题批评特朗普,因此自由核心小组成员呼吁切尼辞去众议院共和党会议职务。切尼最终于2021年5月12日被解雇,两天后由爱丽丝·斯蒂芬尼克接任其职。[65]
2020年拟定国防授权法
编辑2020年12月,自由核心小组和特朗普一道反对国防授权法,理由是该法案没有废除第230节的规定。[66]
在试图推翻2020年总统选举和特朗普第二次弹劾案中发挥的作用
编辑在特朗普输掉2020年总统选举之后,自由核心小组的很多成员支持特朗普推翻此次选举。2020年12月初,包括部分自由核心小组成员在内的20多位共和党人致信特朗普,要求他命令司法部长威廉·巴尔任命司法部特别检察官调查选举中存在的违规行为,而在此之前巴尔不认为此次选举存在违规行为。[67]随后几名自由核心小组成员在特朗普的白宫会见了官员,讨论了在2021年美国选举人团计票期间推翻选举结果的方法。[68]自由核心小组大多不同意对特朗普已确定输掉的州进行计票。[69]在第二次特朗普弹劾案期间,自由核心小组的领导层及其成员要求支持弹劾的莉兹·切尼辞去众议院共和党会议主席一职。[70][71][72]
2021年至今
编辑美国优先核心小组和MAGA小队
编辑2021年4月,由保罗·戈萨尔和玛乔丽·泰勒·格林领导的自由核心小组部分成员试图和马特·盖茨一道成立一个名为“美国优先核心小组”的新团体。据报道,这一试图分裂自由核心小组的提案引发其高级成员的不满,肯·巴克甚至还公开谴责了这一提案。[73] 因此,“美国优先核心小组”最终胎死腹中。[74]
不过到了后来,自由核心小组中出现了由特朗普支持者组成的派系,名曰“MAGA小队”,其成员有戈萨尔、格林、盖茨、麦迪逊·考索恩、路易·戈默特、莫·布鲁克斯、安迪·比格斯、斯科特·佩里以及劳伦·博伯特。MAGA小队并非正式的核心小组,但相较于自由核心小组的其他成员而言观点更为激进。[75][76][77]在2022年选举期间,该小组成员甚至主张在初选中向其他共和党众议员发起挑战。[78]
州自由核心小组网络
编辑2021年12月,自由核心小组扩张到了州一级,并在多个州的议会建立“州自由核心小组网络”,旨在为各州议员提供额外政治资源。[79]目前州自由核心小组网络在亚利桑那州、爱达荷州、佐治亚州、南卡罗来纳州、密西西比州、南达科他州、蒙大拿州、怀俄明州、宾夕法尼亚州和伊利诺伊州设有州议会党团。[80]
除了上述隶属于州自由核心小组网络的州议会党团以外,还有其他若干个州存在着自称为“州级自由核心小组”的团体,其中包括包括得克萨斯州[81]、新罕布什尔州[82]、北卡罗来纳州[83]、佐治亚州[84]、华盛顿州[85]以及密歇根州。[86]
尊重婚姻法案
编辑2022年7月,自由核心小组就攸关于同性婚姻的《尊重婚姻法案》发生了分歧。自由核心小组主席斯科特·佩里和其他46位共和党联邦众议员(以及全部民主党联邦众议员)主张通过该法案(不过佩里最终还是投了反对票),但核心小组的其他成员皆反对通过该法案,并采取官方立场敦促参议院的共和党人阻止此项法案。[87]当自由核心小组内有80%以上的成员支持某项立法时,此决定将成为小组的官方立场。[87]
2023年联邦众议院议长选举
编辑在2022年联邦众议院选举中,共和党以微弱的优势赢得了多数席位,并于2023年初开始新一届国会。自由核心小组成员积极参与了后续的议长选举,但就是否支持凯文·麦卡锡担任议长的问题发生了分歧。[88]在众议院共和党内部选举之前,自由核心小组就提出了一系列要求以削弱议长权利,并增加核心小组和普通共和党议员的权利,从而进一步改变众议院的议程。[89]其中包括恢复“罢免动议”以降低议长罢免之门槛、允许仅10%的众议院共和党会议成员强制对任何修正案进行表决,从而降低议长权利。此外还包括将哈斯特尔特规则写入法典,从而阻止除多数党(共和党)所提立法以外的其他立法。[89]
在共和党议长初选中,凯文·麦卡锡通过无记名投票以188∶31的得票数击败了自由核心小组前主席安迪·比格斯(还有五人投给了其他人)成功获得共和党提名。[90][91][92][93]不过麦卡锡亦获得了部分自由核心小组成员的背书,其中包括副主席吉姆·乔丹[94]、戴维·施魏克特[95]以及玛乔丽·泰勒·格林。[96]核心小组成员拜伦·唐纳德兹则参选众议院共和党会议一职,但输给了现任主席爱丽丝·斯蒂芬尼克[97],而另一核心小组成员安德鲁·克莱德则在共和党会议秘书选举中输给了丽莎·麦克莱恩。[98]
在2023年1月的议长选举中,麦卡锡需要取得218票。[91]在麦卡锡赢得共和党内部提名后,很多自由核心小组成员直言不讳的对其表示了支持,其中包括麦卡锡的前竞争对手吉姆·乔丹[99],之后乔丹成为了司法委员会主席。[100]此外玛乔丽·泰勒·格林亦支持麦卡锡,并称除麦卡锡以外的任何其他人选都不够右翼。[100]不过亦有很多自由核心小组成员反对麦卡锡,其中有五位成员明确表示不会投给麦卡锡,但亦没有就具体支持谁达成一致。[100][101][99]此外还有不少自由核心小组成员没有明确表示支持或反对,而是希望从中寻求让步。[100][101]由于共和党人在众议院仅存在微弱优势,因此除非麦卡锡获得近乎绝对共和党人的支持,否则无法获得绝对多数票。[93][101]麦卡锡警告共和党内部的反对者,如果共和党人没有全部团结在其周围,很有可能会导致民主党人最终当选议长一职。[92]2022年12月,包括自由核心小组主席斯科特·佩里以及其他几位核心小组成员在内的七名强硬派共和党人发表了一封公开信,要求议长做出几点承诺。信中所提到的要求与核心小组在2022年夏天所提如出一辙,其中包括增加自由核心小组成员在各委员会的任职数量、禁止众议院共和党领导层和众议院共和党领导层政治行动委员会参与初选,以及恢复任何一名议员即可提案对议长解职的罢免动议。[100]在2023年议长选举中,有19位自由核心小组成员在第一轮选举中反对麦卡锡[102],不过在麦卡锡做出让步后获得了核心小组的支持,并最终成功当选议长。[103]但同年10月,麦卡锡引起自由核心小组的不满而被其发动的罢免动议解职。
领导层
编辑自由核心小组当前主席为斯科特·佩里,副主席为吉姆·乔丹。2022年1月,众议员劳伦·博伯特当选通讯主席,沃伦·戴维森当选党鞭,而奇普·罗伊则当选政策主席。[104]
主席 | 任期开始 | 任期结束 | 任职时间 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 吉姆·乔丹 | 2015年2月11日 | 2017年1月3日 | 1年327天 | |
2 | 马克·梅多斯 | 2017年1月3日[105] | 2019年10月1日 | 2年271天 | |
3 | 安迪·比格斯 | 2019年10月1日[106] | 2022年1月1日 | 2年92天 | |
4 | 斯科特·佩里 | 2022年1月1日 | 2024年1月1日[107] | 2年226天 | |
5 | 鲍勃·古德 | 2024年1月1日 | 现任[108] | 226天 |
成员
编辑会员政策
编辑众议院自由核心小组不透露其成员的姓名,成员资格仅通过邀请获得。[109][110]根据《纽约时报》在2015年10月的说法,自由核心小组通常在当地一家酒吧的地下室而非在国会大厦开会。[111]作为一个政治团体,一旦某项决定得到其中80%成员支持,那么此项决定便成为核心小组的官方立场,因此该小组在整个众议院共和党人中具有强大的影响力。[2]
历次成员数量
编辑由于核心小组不会公布完整的成员名单,因此每个选举周期开始时已知的成员数量如下所列。
选举年 | 在所有席位 | 在共和党席位中 | ± |
---|---|---|---|
2016年 | 29 / 435
|
29 / 241
|
新成立 |
2018年 | 30 / 435
|
30 / 199
|
▲ 1 |
2020年 | 45 / 435
|
45 / 213
|
▲ 15 |
2022年 | 46 / 435
|
46 / 222
|
▲ 1 |
当前成员
编辑已经有很多成员承认自己属于自由核心小组,截至2023年1月[update],已知有46位成员加入了这一核心小组,具体名单如下:
- 马特·盖茨(FL-1)[120]
- 比尔·波西(FL-8)[121]
- 安娜·保利娜·卢纳(FL-13)[122]
- 格雷格·斯托伊布(FL-17)[123]
- 拜伦·唐纳德兹(FL-19)[124][125]
前成员
编辑- 密歇根州的贾斯廷·阿马什(2019年离开核心小组)[60]
- 得克萨斯州的布莱恩·巴宾(2017年离开核心小组)[155]
- 得克萨斯州的乔·巴顿(2018年退休)[156]
- 艾奥瓦州的罗德·布拉姆(于2018年连任失败)[138]
- 弗吉尼亚的戴夫·布拉特(于2018年连任失败)[157]
- 俄克拉荷马州的吉姆·布里登斯廷(于2018年辞职成为NASA局长)[158]
- 亚拉巴马州的莫·布鲁克斯[159](2022年退休参选联邦参议员,但未成功)
- 北卡罗来纳州的特德·巴德(2022年时退休参选参议员,但未成功)
- 北卡罗来纳州的麦迪逊·考索恩(2022年初选中被击败)[160]
- 佛罗里达州的科特·克劳森(2016年退休)[161]
- 佛罗里达州的罗恩·德桑蒂斯[136](2018年退休并成功当选佛罗里达州州长)
- 路易斯安那州的约翰·弗莱明(2016年退选后参选联邦参议员,但未获得提名)[162]
- 新泽西州的斯科特·加勒特(2016年连任失败)[136]
- 弗吉尼亚州的小托马斯·盖瑞特(2018年退休)[163]
- 得克萨斯州的路易·戈默特(2022年退休参选得克萨斯州总检察长,但未成功)[164]
- 佐治亚州的玛乔丽·泰勒·格林(于2023年遭除名)[165]
- 新墨西哥州的伊薇特·赫雷尔(2022年连任失败)
- 佐治亚州的约迪·希斯(2022年退休参选州务卿,但未成功)[166]
- 堪萨斯州的蒂姆·许尔斯卡普(2016年初选中被击败)[167]
- 宾夕法尼亚州的弗雷德·凯勒(2022年退休)
- 爱达荷州的劳尔·拉布拉多尔(2018年退休参选爱达荷州州长,但未成功)[136]
- 科罗拉多州的道格·兰博恩(2016年离开核心小组)[168]
- 佐治亚州的巴瑞·劳德米尔克(第115届国会时未再更新会员资格)[166][169]
- 怀俄明州的辛西娅·拉米斯(2016年退休)[170]
- 加利福尼亚州的汤姆·麦克林托克(2015年离开核心小组)[158]
- 北卡罗来纳州的马克·梅多斯(2020年辞职成为白宫办公厅主任)[136][109]
- 南卡罗来纳州的米克·马尔瓦尼(2017年辞职成为美国行政管理和预算局局长)[136]
- 加利福尼亚州的德温·努涅斯(2022年成为特朗普媒体与科技集团CEO)
- 新墨西哥州的史蒂夫·皮尔斯(2018年退休参选州长,但未成功)[170]
- 得克萨斯州的泰德·波(2017年离开核心小组)[171]
- 威斯康星州的里德·里布尔(2015年离开核心小组)[40]
- 弗吉尼亚州的丹佛·里格曼(2020年初选中被击败)[172]
- 加利福尼亚州的达纳·罗拉巴克(2018年连任失败)[173][174]
- 宾夕法尼亚州的凯斯·罗斯福斯(2016年离开核心小组)[175][176]
- 亚利桑那州的邵建隆(2016年退休)[136]
- 南卡罗来纳州的马克·桑福德(2018年初选中被击败)[138]
- 亚利桑那州的戴维·施魏克特(2023年离开核心小组)[177]
- 印第安纳州的马林·斯图茨曼(2016年退休参选参议员,但未获得提名)[138]
- 得克萨斯州的罗恩·赖特(2021年逝世)[178]
- 佛罗里达州的泰德·约霍(2020年退休)[179]
延伸阅读
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Carl, Jeremy. The Freedom Caucus Is a Rebellion That Could Change the GOP's Future. 2015-10-13 [2017-03-31]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-13).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Desilver, Drew. House Freedom Caucus: What is it, and who's in it?. Pew Research Center. 2015-10-20 [2021-02-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27) (美国英语).
- ^ Ethier, Beth. House Conservatives Form "Freedom Caucus" as Right-Wing Rebellion Continues. Slate Magazine. 2015-01-26 [2021-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-11) (英语).
- ^ Fox, Lauren. Why (almost) everyone hates the House Freedom Caucus | CNN Politics. CNN. 2017-03-23 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-04) (英语).
- ^ Barrett, Mark. Meadows in line to lead House’s most conservative wing. The Asheville Citizen Times. [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-12).
- ^ French, Lauren. 9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus. Politico. [2021-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-18) (英语).
- ^ Ferrechio, Susan. Conservative lawmakers form House Freedom Caucus. 华盛顿检查者报. 2015-01-26 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-21).
- ^ Eaton, Sabrina. It's official: Rep. Jim Jordan now chairs the House Freedom Caucus. Cleveland. 2015-02-11 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-02-16).
- ^ The Freedom Caucus has been widely described as right-wing:
- Cheadle, Harry. The Right-Wing 'Freedom Caucus' Says It's Going to Kill Trumpcare. Vice. 2017-03-22 [2017-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-23).
- Roy, Avik. GOP Centrists, Not Freedom Caucus, Are Blocking Deal To Replace Obamacare. Forbes. 2017-04-02 [2017-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-23).
The conventional wisdom – repeated by President Trump – is that the right-wing House Freedom Caucus is singlehandedly blocking Republican attempts to repeal and replace Obamacare.
- Beavers, Olivia. Republican quits House Freedom Caucus. The Hill. 2017-03-26 [2017-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-04).
Rep. Ted Poe (R-Texas) resigned Sunday from the House Freedom Caucus, indicating he did so because he wanted to vote for the Republican healthcare proposal the right-wing caucus so adamantly opposed.
- Lizza, Ryan. A House divided. The New Yorker. 2015-12-07 [2017-04-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-07).
Meadows is one of the more active members of the House Freedom Caucus, an invitation-only group of about forty right-wing conservatives that formed at the beginning of this year.
- French, Lauren. House Freedom Caucus to break with leadership on budget. Politico. 2016-03-14 [2016-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-25).
Budget Committee Chairman Tom Price of Georgia and Speaker Paul Ryan (R-Wis.) have labored to gain the support of the far-right caucus
- Thrush, Glenn. Trump Becomes Ensnared in Fiery G.O.P. Civil War. The New York Times. 2017-03-25 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-14).
- Fabian, Jordan. Trump on the warpath against Freedom Caucus. The Hill. 2017-03-30 [2017-03-31]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-05).
- Woolf, Nicky. Republicans in Freedom Caucus support Florida conservative as speaker. The Guardian. 2015-10-07 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08).
- Newhauser, Daniel. Boehner-vs.-Freedom-Caucus Battle Escalates. National Journal. 2015-06-24 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-28).
- Sullivan, Sean. Insurgent bloc of House conservatives proving to be a thorn in Boehner's side. The Washington Post. 2015-03-04 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-11).
- Bush, Daniel. Who's to blame for the government shutdown? A look at the political fallout. PBS NewsHour. 2018-01-22 [2018-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-20).
- ^
- Touchberry, Ramsey; Soellner, Mica. Emboldened far-right Freedom Caucus presents hurdles to Kevin McCarthy's run for House speaker. The Washington Times. 2022-11-09 [2022-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-03).
- Stone, Peter. Meet the Congressman Who Is Viktor Orbán's Biggest Fanboy. The New Republic. 2022-10-28 [2022-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-01).
A member of the House's far-right Freedom Caucus and co-chair of the Hungarian Caucus, Harris tried to torpedo the resolution during floor debate by attacking a provision that called for setting up a NATO unit to help its members build democratic institutions.
- Carless, Will. Far-right extremists.... USA Today. 2022-01-23 [2022-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-30).
- Wong, Scott; Allen, Jonathan. Trump expected to stump for Illinois congresswoman in primary fight against fellow lawmaker. NBC News. 2022-04-28 [2022-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-11).
Rep. Mary Miller, a member of the far-right Freedom Caucus, said Trump has vowed to campaign for her ahead of her primary against GOP Rep. Rodney Davis.
- Edmondson, Catie. In Illinois, MAGA Congresswoman Rallies to Oust Her G.O.P. Colleague. The New York Times. 2022-06-28 [2022-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-23).
Ms. Miller is a member of the far-right Freedom Caucus who has adopted Mr. Trump's grievance-infused manner of speaking and once spoke approvingly of Adolf Hitler.
- Lee Drutman (编). Breaking the Two-Party Doom Loop: The Case for Multiparty Democracy in America. Oxford University Press. 2020: 14 [2023-02-03]. ISBN 978-0190913854. (原始内容存档于2023-01-04).
These far-right Freedom Caucus members had been unhappy with Boehner's top-down style of leadership, which they felt had forced members into compromising too much with Democrats.
- David Hosansky (编). The American Congress. CQ Press. 2019 [2023-02-03]. ISBN 978-1544350639. (原始内容存档于2023-01-04).
This set up a difficult battle for Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, R-Wis., to reach a consensus within his caucus between mainstream Republicans and the forty-member-strong Freedom Caucus, a group of far-right libertarian, isolationist, ...
- Steven S. Smith; Jason M. Roberts; Ryan J. Vander Wielen (编). The American Congress. Rowman & Littlefield. 2019: 14 [2023-02-03]. ISBN 978-1538125847. (原始内容存档于2023-01-04).
The parties are very polarized: the middle is empty, so that no Democrat is to the right of any Republican and no Republican is to the left of any Democrat. The Freedom Caucus members are located on the far right.
- Homan, Patrick; Lantis, Jeffrey. "We the People?" Historical Foundations of Factionalism. The Battle for U.S. Foreign Policy. 2019-12-05: 57–87. ISBN 978-3030301705. S2CID 212991762. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30171-2_3.
As president, Trump has variously aligned himself with the positions of the far-right Freedom Caucus and with establishment Republican leaders.
- Geyman, John. Crisis in U.S. Health Care: Corporate Power Still Blocks Reform. International Journal of Health Services. January 2018, 48 (1): 5–27. PMID 28971720. S2CID 206411764. doi:10.1177/0020731417729654.
The far-right Freedom Caucus in the House called for full repeal whatever the consequences, but by then the ACA had become more popular with the public and even drew support...
- ^ Cottle, Michelle. In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match. The Atlantic. 2017-04-07 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-24).
- ^ Pally, Marcia. A Tale of Two Covenants: Can America be Localist Without Being Exclusionary?. ABC News. 2017-06-08 [2023-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-05) (澳大利亚英语).
- ^ Bade, Rachael. 'I thought you were my friend': Immigration meltdown exposes GOP hostilities. Politico. 2018-06-27 [2022-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-21).
- ^ Reilly, Mollie. House Conservatives Support Paul Ryan For Speaker, But Won't Formally Endorse Him. Huffington Post. 2015-10-21 [2016-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-13).
the group of hardline conservatives ... the socially conservative House Freedom Caucus
- ^ Paul Ryan vs. House Freedom Caucus: Who will blink first in speaker's race?. Los Angeles Times. 2015-10-16 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27).
the group’s small-government, socially conservative agenda
- ^ After Boehner ouster, quiet period, Freedom Caucus attacks on IRS, ObamaCare. Fox News. 2016-12-10 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-13).
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Melanie Zanona. Republican leaders face threat of revived Freedom Caucus in GOP-led House. CNN. 2022-03-08 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-13).
Past iterations of the group – which was formed as an ultra-conservative alternative to the Republican Study Committee but has since become more of a Trump loyalty club – were more focused on process and transparency concerns, as well as fiscal conservatism. Some of the more veteran members of the group are still emphasizing that as a top priority.
- ^ Jay Newton-Small. How Paul Ryan Outfoxed House Conservatives. Time. 2021-10-20 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-08) (英语).
The House Freedom Caucus has had a lot of demands of late: conditions under which they’d support anyone to be Speaker, changes they’d like to see made in the House to decentralize power, ... The as-of-yet unformed bill is almost guaranteed to have levels of spending the fiscally conservative Freedom Caucus will find highly objectionable – they have never supported any bipartisan deal that has come out of the Senate.
- ^ Swan, Jonathan. Trump allies blame conservative leader for failed Texas endorsement. Axios. 2021-07-28 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-19) (英语).
the Freedom Caucus – a group of ultra-conservative House Republicans who are fervently pro-Trump.
- ^ Inside the House Freedom Caucus' identity crisis. Politico. 2022-04-29 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-09).
- ^ Friedman, Dan. For These House Republicans, the NRA's Seal of Approval Isn't Enough. The Trace. 2016-07-13 [2017-03-31]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-04).
- ^ Loiaconi, Stephen. For Freedom Caucus, defying Trump could have consequences. WJLA-TV. 2017-03-24 [2017-03-31]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-04).
The House Freedom Caucus, a cadre of conservatives, libertarians and others who have shown no hesitation to buck the party leadership, has been heavily critical of the AHCA
- ^ Boguhn, Ally. The House Freedom Fund Bankrolls Some of Congress' Most Anti-Choice Candidates. Rewire News. 2016-06-21. (原始内容存档于2018-12-11).
- ^ Wong, Scott. Freedom Caucus bruised but unbowed in GOP primary fights. The Hill. 2018-05-22. (原始内容存档于2018-12-11).
- ^ Wofford, Ben. Charlie Dent's War. Politico Magazine. [2019-11-16]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27) (英语).
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Lizza, Ryan. The War Inside the Republican Party. The New Yorker. 2015-12-07 [2019-11-16]. ISSN 0028-792X. (原始内容存档于2021-02-07) (英语).
- ^ French, Lauren. 9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus. Politico. 2015-01-26 [2016-12-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-07).
- ^ House Freedom Caucus was Born in Hershey. 2015-12-07 [2019-11-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-27).
- ^ French, Lauren. Conservatives offer John Boehner another DHS deal. Politico. 2015-03-03 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-24).
- ^ 30.0 30.1 Lizza, Ryan. A House Divided. The New Yorker. [2015-12-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-07).
- ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer. John Boehner, House Speaker, Will Resign From Congress. The New York Times. 2015-09-25 [2015-10-23]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2021-03-05).
- ^ Marcos, Cristina. Boehner rebels replaced on committee. The Hill. [2017-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2019-04-04).
- ^ Wong, Scott. The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders. The Hill. 2015-06-27 [2017-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-28).
- ^ A Brief History of the 2013 Government Shutdown. www.mediaite.com. [2017-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-28) (英语).
- ^ Jacobs, Ryan. 32 Republicans Who Caused the Government Shutdown. The Atlantic. 2013-10-04 [2017-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-27).
- ^ Lizza, Ryan. A House Divided. 2015-12-14 [2017-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-07).
- ^ Kevin McCarthy Announces Run for Speaker of the House. The Atlantic. 2015-09-28 [2015-10-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-09).
- ^ Costa, Mike DeBonis, Robert; Helderman, Rosalind S. House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy drops out of race for House speaker. The Washington Post. 2015-10-08 [2015-10-23]. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始内容存档于2021-02-21).
- ^ In Context: What Kevin McCarthy said about Hillary Clinton and Benghazi. PolitiFact. [2018-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-10) (英语).
- ^ 40.0 40.1 Rep. Ribble leaves Freedom Caucus over moves in leadership race. Politico. [2015-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-19).
- ^ David M. Herszenhorn, Freedom Caucus Is Key to Paul Ryan House Speaker Decision, The New York Times, 2015-10-21 [2023-02-03], (原始内容存档于2020-12-06)
- ^ DeBonis, Mike; Costa, Robert. 'Supermajority' of House Freedom Caucus to back Paul Ryan's speaker bid. The Washington Post. 2015-10-21 [2015-10-23]. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始内容存档于2020-12-09).
- ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer. Paul Ryan Is Elected House Speaker, Hoping to Manage Chaos. The New York Times. 2015-10-29 [2016-06-20]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-08).
- ^ Nguyen, Tina. "Idiots," "Anarchists," and "Assholes": Boehner Unloads on Republicans. The Hive. 2017-10-30 [2017-11-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-20) (英语).
- ^ Schneider, Elena. The GOP establishment strikes back. Politico. 2016-08-15 [2017-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-28).
- ^ Robertson, Joe; Tate, Curtis. Tea party's Tim Huelskamp ousted by challenger Roger Marshall in Kansas congressional race. The Kansas City Star. 2016-08-02 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-23).
- ^ Bade, Rachael. Can the Freedom Caucus survive Donald Trump?. Politico. 2016-11-13 [2019-11-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-08) (英语).
- ^ House Freedom Caucus plots return to relevance as GOP eyes majority. 2022-09-22 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-21).
- ^ Breaking: House Republicans withdraw health care bill. KFOR-TV. CNN Wire. 2017-03-24 [2017-03-25]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-21).
Freedom Caucus members stood by their ideological objections to a bill they say does not go far enough in repealing Obamacare.
- ^ Trump Meets Freedom Caucus and Result Is Legislative Disaster. Bloomberg.com. 2017-03-25 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-21) (英语).
- ^ Collins, Eliza. Collapse of Obamacare repeal plan puts Freedom Caucus in complicated spot. USA TODAY. [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-02).
- ^ Trump tweets about Democrats, Freedom Caucus after health care bill fails. CBS News. 2017-03-26 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-08).
- ^ Weber, Joseph. Trump hits Freedom Caucus, Washington conservatives for nixing ObamaCare overhaul. Fox News. 2017-03-26 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-07).
- ^ Livingston, Abby. U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus. The Texas Tribune. 2017-03-26 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-01) (英语).
- ^ Thrush, Glenn; Martin, Jonathan. ‘We Must Fight Them’: Trump Goes After Conservatives of Freedom Caucus. The New York Times. 2017-03-30 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-28).
- ^ Fabian, Jordan. Trump threatens to ‘fight’ Freedom Caucus in midterms. The Hill. 2017-03-30 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12).
- ^ Golshan, Tara. Meet the most powerful man in the House. Vox. 2017-08-28 [2017-11-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-17).
- ^ Cheney, Kyle. Trump's GOP 'warriors' lead charge against Mueller. Politico. 2018-05-07 [2018-05-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-13).
- ^ House Freedom Caucus votes to condemn Amash's impeachment comments. The Hill. 2019-05-20 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-19).
- ^ 60.0 60.1 Byrd, Haley; Sullivan, Kate. Justin Amash leaves the conservative Freedom Caucus. CNN. 2019-06-11 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-12).
- ^ Alex Moe and Dennis Romero. Rep. Justin Amash explores Libertarian presidential run. NBC News. 2020-04-28 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-13).
- ^ Swanson, Ian. Freedom Caucus demands release of full Volker transcript. TheHill. 2019-10-08 [2019-10-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-01) (英语).
- ^ Andrews, Natalie; Wise, Lindsay. House Freedom Caucus Emerges as Trump's Main Defender. The Wall Street Journal. 2019-11-08 [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-26).
- ^ Trump Names Mark Meadows Chief of Staff, Ousting Mick Mulvaney. New York Times. 2020-03-06 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-09).
- ^ House conservatives pile on Cheney at GOP conference meeting. Politico. 2020-07-21 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-12).
- ^ Gould, Joe. Defying Trump, House approves defense bill with veto-proof majority. defensenews.com. Sightline Media Group. 2020-12-08 [2020-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-12).
The House Freedom Caucus, a bloc of roughly three-dozen conservatives, backed Trump's position Tuesday and said its members would vote against the bill.
- ^ Trump pressures congressional Republicans to help in his fight to overturn the election. Washington Post. [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-06).
- ^ Evidence mounts of GOP involvement in Trump election schemes. AP NEWS. 2022-05-01 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-15) (英语).
- ^ Keith Newell. 2020 election objectors overwhelmingly won reelection, but largely raised less money than the average incumbent Republican. OpenSecrets.org (Center for Responsive Politics). 2022-11-17 [2023-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-09).
- ^ Several senior Republicans join impeachment push. Washington Post. [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-14).
- ^ Edmondson, Catie. Cheney facing internal backlash for impeachment vote as Republican rifts deepen over Trump.. The New York Times. 2021-01-14 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-13).
- ^ House impeaches Trump in wake of mob attack on Capitol. Roll Call. 2021-01-13 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-13) (英语).
- ^ Solender, Andrew. America First Caucus Rejected By Right-Wing Freedom Caucus. Forbes. 2021-04-17 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-15).
- ^ Diaz, Daniella. Marjorie Taylor Greene scraps planned launch of controversial 'America First' caucus amid blowback from GOP. CNN. 2021-04-18 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-08).
- ^ Ball, Molly. How the 'MAGA Squad' Is Building Power to Control the Next Congress. Time. 2022-06-14 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-21).
- ^ Alemany, Jacqueline; Sotomayor, Marianna; Dawsey, Josh. A MAGA squad of Trump loyalists sees its influence grow amid demands for political purity among Republicans. The Washington Post. 2021-11-21 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-21).
- ^ Bedayn, Jesse. Trump loyalist Boebert's reelection bid could go to recount. ABC News. The Associated Press / Report for America. 2022-11-11 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-15).
- ^ Itkowitz, Colby. House MAGA squad seeks to expand by boosting challengers to fellow Republicans. The Washington Post. 2021-12-26 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-20).
- ^ Picket, Kerry. House Freedom Caucus plans expansion to state lawmakers. The Washington Times. 2021-12-02 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-03).
- ^ Home: Find Your Local Representatives. State Freedom Caucus Network. [2023-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-09).
- ^ The Back Mic: Phelan on Democratic Chair Fight, Senate Election Drawing Listed, Freedom Caucus Adds Four Members. The Texan. 2023-01-13 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-06).
- ^ Mahaleris, Andrew. NH Freedom Caucus Calls House Budget a Big Win, But Changes Are Coming. NH Journal. 2021-04-09 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-14).
- ^ N.C. Rep. Kidwell, Hanig named to reformation of NC House Freedom Caucus. WNCT. 2021-01-29 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-14).
- ^ State Rep. Announces Creation of Georgia Freedom Caucus. Metro Atlanta CEO. [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-20) (英语).
- ^ Members. Official Website of the Senate Freedom Caucus. 2014-10-21 [2023-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-03).
- ^ New 'Freedom Caucus' launches, targets Michigan House rules. The Detroit News. [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-08).
- ^ 87.0 87.1 Carney, Jordain. The House Freedom Caucus is urging Senate Republicans to oppose a same-sex marriage bill. Their chairman voted for it.. Politico. 2022-08-24 [2022-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-22) (英语).
- ^ Beavers, Olivia; Carney, Jordain. House Freedom Caucus ties itself in knots over challenging McCarthy. Politico. 2022-11-10 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-19).
- ^ 89.0 89.1 Matt Fuller; Sam Brodey; Zachary Petrizzo. Kevin McCarthy’s Speakership Is in Trouble Before It Starts. Daily Beast. 2022-11-10 [2023-09-09]. 原始内容存档于2022-11-10.
- ^ Brooks, Emily. Rep. Andy Biggs to challenge McCarthy for Speaker. The Hill. 2022-11-14 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-16).
- ^ 91.0 91.1 Walsh, Deirdre. McCarthy nominated speaker in internal GOP vote but he faces conservative resistance. National Public Radio. 2022-11-15 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-17).
- ^ 92.0 92.1 Solender, Erin Doherty,Andrew. McCarthy: Democrats could influence House speaker pick if GOP doesn't unite. Axios. 2022-11-29 [2023-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-13) (英语).
- ^ 93.0 93.1 The NeverKevins Can Still Block McCarthy’s Bid for Speaker. Time. [2023-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Tully-McManis, Katherine. Freedom Caucus prepares to flex. Politico. 2022-11-10 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-20).
- ^ Solender, Andrew. Freedom Caucus fires its warning shot at McCarthy. Axios. 2022-11-15 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-16).
- ^ Marjorie Taylor Greene breaks with far-right allies.... Axios. Axios. 2022-11-14 [2022-11-14]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-03).
- ^ Olson, Tyler. Byron Donalds, seeking a House GOP leadership post, wants to decentralize power away from party leaders. Fox News. 2022-11-04 [2022-11-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-01).
- ^ Rep. Lisa McClain wins race to become next House Republican conference secretary. Washington Examiner. 2022-11-15.
- ^ 99.0 99.1 Wanted by McCarthy critics: 1 qualified alternative speaker. POLITICO. [2023-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-04) (英语).
- ^ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 Brooks, Emily. Seven hard-line House Republicans lay out Speaker demands amid McCarthy opposition. The Hill. 2022-12-09 [2023-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-26).
- ^ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Solender, Andrew. McCarthy meets with critics in fresh effort to secure speaker votes. Axios. 2022-11-30 [2023-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-09) (英语).
- ^ How Far Right Are the 20 Republicans Who Voted Against McCarthy?. New York Times. 2023-01-04 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-06).
- ^ House passes rules package that was at heart of McCarthy's speaker battle. CBS News. 2023-01-10 [2023-02-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-29).
- ^ Rep. Boebert Elected as House Freedom Caucus Communications Chair. Representative Lauren Boebert. 2022-01-20 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-21) (英语).
- ^ Mark Meadows Elected House Freedom Caucus Chairman. Roll Call. 2016-12-06 [2021-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-09) (英语).
- ^ Zanona, Melanie. House Freedom Caucus picks Andy Biggs as new chairman. Politico. [2021-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-03) (英语).
- ^ Falconer, Rebecca. House Freedom Caucus elects GOP Rep. Scott Perry as next chair. Axios. 2021-11-16 [2021-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-17).
- ^ Beavers, Olivia. Freedom Caucus elects new chair: Bob Good, who voted to boot McCarthy. Politico. December 11, 2023 [December 12, 2023]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-19).
- ^ 109.0 109.1 Huetteman, Emmarie. On Health Law, G.O.P. Faces a Formidable Policy Foe: House Republicans. The New York Times. 2017-03-20 [2017-03-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-21).
So secretive that it will not disclose the names of its members, […] the roughly three dozen
- ^ Benen, Steve. House Freedom Caucus members move from the fringe to power. MSNBC. 2020-02-13 [2021-03-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-22).
- ^ Herszenhorn, David M. Hard-Line Republicans Want to Change More Than House Speaker. The New York Times. 2015-10-07 [2021-03-22]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-22).
- ^ Committees and Caucuses | Representative Barry Moore. barrymoore.house.gov. 2021-01-03 [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-03).
- ^ Wong, Scott. McCarthy woos Freedom Caucus with eye on Speakership. The Hill. 2020-12-04 [2021-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-17) –通过MSN.
Gary Palmer (Ala.), a Freedom Caucus member
- ^ 114.0 114.1 114.2 Ivory, Danielle; Smart, Charlie; Yourish, Karen. How Far Right Are the 20 Republicans Who Voted Against McCarthy?. The New York Times. 2023-01-04 [2023-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-06) (英语).
- ^ Hansen, Ronald J. Two Arizona Republican House members helped sink 'Obamacare' repeal. The Arizona Republic. 2017-03-24 [2017-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-11).
- ^ Sanchez, Yvonne Wingett; Hansen, Ronald J. McCain and Flake ripped Trump's Putin performance, but other Ariz. reps mostly silent. Arizona Republic. 2018-07-16 [2018-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-12).
- ^ Garcia, Eric. Gosar Endorses Ward Over McSally in Arizona Senate Race. Roll Call. 2018-07-18 [2018-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-18).
- ^ Committees and Caucuses | Representative Lauren Boebert. boebert.house.gov. 2021-01-03 [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-03).
- ^ In HBO film, Ken Buck suggests he will leave Congress soon. The Denver Post. 2020-08-02 [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-01) (美国英语).
- ^ Some sources state that Gaetz is "close to" the caucus, e.g.: Lucas, John. President Trump takes a break from his European visit to endorse Rep. Matt Gaetz. The Capitolist. 2018-07-13 [2018-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-05). / Smith, Allan; Perticone, Joe. The most conservative congressmen are going all-out to fight for Trump against Mueller and the Russia probe. Business Insider. 2018-01-13 [2018-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-18).
- ^ Provenzano, Brianna. Who's in the House Freedom Caucus? Here's a list of Republicans in the group.. Mic. [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-19) (英语).
- ^ Anna Paulina Luna Says Colleague 'Threatened' Her Over McCarthy Stance. Newsweek. 2022-12-31 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-12).
In a statement issued to Newsweek on Saturday morning, Luna said: "The member that called me was NOT MTG. Marjorie came down and helped me in my primary and is also a fellow member of the Freedom Caucus. She would never do that to me."
- ^ As House Republicans Brace for Losses, Freedom Caucus Prepares for Growth. Roll Call. 2018-10-31 [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-14) (英语).
- ^ House Freedom Caucus Could Add 7 New Conservative Members. The Daily Signal. 2020-11-04 [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-07).
- ^ Byron Donalds says he'll join House Freedom and Black Congressional Caucuses · the Floridian. 2020-09-18 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-11).
- ^ Haroun, Azmi. 13 members of the pro-Trump House Freedom Caucus refused to condemn Myanmar's generals who violently overthrew elected leaders. Business Insider. [2021-04-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-03) (美国英语).
- ^ 3 strikes for McCarthy – but he's not out yet. Politico. 2022-01-03 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-03).
- ^ Committees and Caucuses. Congressman Russ Fulcher. [2021-07-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-21) (英语).
- ^ Who is Mary Miller, Republican representative for Illinois' 15th Congressional District?. chicagotribune.com. [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-28).
- ^ Committees & Caucuses. Congressman Clay Higgins. 2012-12-13 [2021-04-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-03) (英语).
- ^ Desiderio, Andrew. Meet the Double Agent Who Now Controls House Conservatives. The Daily Beast. 2018-11-28 [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-08) (英语).
- ^ Campbell, Colin. Rep. Andy Harris, House Freedom Caucus send letter urging Trump to reopen economy. baltimoresun.com. [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-06).
- ^ Committees and Caucuses. U.S. Representative Matt Rosendale. [2021-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-21).
- ^ Greg Murphy wins reelection to 3rd Congressional District. North State Journal. 2022-11-08 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-04).
- ^ HFF, Two Big Wins in North Carolina, House Freedom Fund, 2019-09-13 [2023-02-03], (原始内容存档于2020-07-29)
- ^ 136.0 136.1 136.2 136.3 136.4 136.5 136.6 French, Lauren. 9 Republicans launch House Freedom Caucus. Politico. 2015-01-26 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-07).
- ^ Boehner's successor joins Freedom Caucus. Politico. 2016-06-09 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-25).
- ^ 138.0 138.1 138.2 138.3 House Freedom Caucus Forms 'Fight Club' in House. 218. [2015-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
- ^ Palmer, Anna; French, Lauren. Ron DeSantis, Jeff Duncan quit House whip team. Wall Street Journal. 2015-02-05 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-23).
- ^ Lovegrove, Jamie. Freedom Caucus chairman Mark Meadows to headline South Carolina GOP fundraiser. The Post and Courier. 2018-07-02 [2018-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08).
- ^ Roche, Darragh. Full list of Freedom Caucus Members after 2022 midterms results. Newsweek. 2022-11-10 [2022-12-26]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-18) (英语).
- ^ Broden, Scott. DesJarlais raises $144,677 for 2016 campaign. The Daily News Journal. 2015-04-22 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-18).
- ^ Committees. Congressman Mark Green. [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-28) (英语).
- ^ Amiri, Farnoush; Jalonick, Mary Clare. Jan. 6 panel wants answers from GOP's Brooks, Biggs, Jackson. Associated Press. 2022-05-02 [2023-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-04).
- ^ Drew DeSilver, What is the House Freedom Caucus, and who's in it?, Pew Research Center, 2015-10-20 [2023-02-03], (原始内容存档于2018-07-03)
- ^ Daniella Diaz. House Freedom Caucus members question Liz Cheney's leadership again after her latest Trump comments. CNN. 2021-02-25 [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-28).
- ^ Freedom Caucus members to huddle with Trump. The Hill. 2022-06-03 [2022-08-13]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-13) (英语).
- ^ Accountability For China, COVID-19 Relief Package Among Issues To Be Addressed By House Freedom Caucus Today (新闻稿). Falkirk Center for Faith and Liberty. PR Newswire. 2020-07-27 [2021-04-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-03) –通过Associated Press.
HFC Members: ... Michael Cloud
- ^ Committees and Caucuses. Representative Bob Good. 2021-01-03 [2021-04-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-23) (英语).
- ^ Fox, Lauren; Raju, Manu; Grayer, Annie; Diaz, Daniella. Elise Stefanik faces increased conservative headwinds in rise to leadership. CNN. 2021-05-12 [2021-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-01).
Freedom Caucus member Ben Cline
- ^ Zanona, Melanie. Freedom Caucus member tests positive for coronavirus. Politico. [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27) (英语).
- ^ Zanona, Melanie. GOP Rep. Mooney wants to condemn lawmakers who call on Trump to concede. Politico. [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-11) (英语).
- ^ Bridget Bowman, Outside groups flock to Wisconsin race to replace Sean Duffy, Roll Call, 2020-02-11 [2020-05-20], (原始内容存档于2020-11-25)
- ^ Arnsdorf, Isaac; Sotomayor, Marianna. New class of combative MAGA candidates poised to roil House GOP. The Washington Post. 2022-11-02 [2023-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-20) (英语).
- ^ Marcos, Christina. Texas Republican departs Freedom Caucus. The Hill. 2017-04-27 [2017-04-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-24).
- ^ Livingston, Abby. U.S. Rep. Ted Poe resigns from Freedom Caucus. Texas Tribune. 2017-03-26 [2017-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-01).
- ^ @DaveBratVA7th. Proud to be part of House Freedom Caucus (推文). 2015-03-13 –通过Twitter.
- ^ 158.0 158.1 Fuller, Matt. House Freedom Caucus Loses Member Over Planned Parenthood. CNN. 2015-09-16 [2015-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-19).
- ^ Wong, Scott; Shabad, Rebecca; Marcos, Cristina. House will vote Friday to prevent Homeland Security shutdown. The Hill. 2015-02-26 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-13).
- ^ Congressman Cawthorn Joins the House Freedom Caucus (新闻稿). Madison Cawthorn. 2021-10-28 [2021-10-29]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-29).
- ^ Newhauser, Daniel; Mimms, Sarah; Roubein, Rachel. Boehner Has a Plan to Avoid a DHS Shutdown – But It Might Not Pass. National Journal. 2015-02-26 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-08-25).
- ^ Senate confirms Fleming as assistant secretary of commerce for economic development. Bossier Press-Tribune. 2019-03-07 [2019-04-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-26).
- ^ Portnoy, Jenna. Three Virginia GOP congressmen, including Rep. Tom Garrett in 5th District, line up against GOP health care plan. The Roanoke Times. 2017-03-15 [2017-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-20).
- ^ Rep. Gohmert: Dem's Equality Act is "All About Power," Eviscerates First Amendment. Louie Gohmert. 2021-02-25 [2021-02-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-05) (英语).
- ^ Marjorie Taylor Greene is no longer a member of the Freedom Caucus after a vote last month, according to one member of the conservative group's board.. Politico. 2023-07-06 [2023-09-10]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-19).
- ^ 166.0 166.1 Darnell, Tim. Can the House Freedom Caucus save the GOP?. Peach Pundit. 2015-03-19 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-23).
- ^ Tim Huelskamp, Anti-Establishment House Republican, Loses Primary in Kansas. New York Times. 2016-08-03 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-29).
- ^ Doug Lamborn: Health care bill's failure a 'setback,' not the end of effort to repeal Obamacare. Colorado Springs Gazette. 2017-03-24 [2023-02-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-23).
- ^ Hallerman, Tamar. Barry Loudermilk quietly leaves the House Freedom Caucus. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. 2017-03-02 [2017-03-07]. (原始内容存档于2017-04-15).
- ^ 170.0 170.1 Wong, Scott; Marcos, Cristina. The dozen rebels targeted by GOP leaders. The Hill. 2015-06-27 [2015-07-22]. (原始内容存档于2018-09-28).
- ^ Fox, Lauren. Rep. Poe resigns from House Freedom Caucus. CNN. 2017-03-26 [2017-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-29).
- ^ Virginia Republican who officiated gay wedding loses nomination for Congress. The Guardian. Associated Press. 2020-06-14 [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26).
Riggleman, a member of the conservative House Freedom Caucus, ...
- ^ U.S. Rep. Dana Rohrabacher endorses Dr. Kelli Ward for United States Senate. 2018-01-23 [2018-07-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-24).
- ^ Schelzig, Erik. GOP Rep. Rohrabacher campaigns for Matheny. The Tennessee Journal. 2018-07-02 [2018-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-07-28).
- ^ Mauriello, Tracie. Freedom Caucus may play role in alternate Obamacare repeal timeline. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2017-01-06 [2017-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-01).
- ^ Cohn, Nate; Bloch, Matthew; Quealy, Kevin. The New Pennsylvania House Districts Are In. We Review the Mapmakers' Choices.. The Upshot. The New York Times. 2018-02-19 [2018-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-19).
- ^ Jones, Ja'han. Freedom Caucus founder ditches the group for unlikely reason. MSNBC. 2023-02-06 [2023-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-07).
- ^ Traub, Alex. Ron Wright, Texas Conservative, Dies at 67. The New York Times. 2021-02-09 [2021-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-28).
- ^ Freedom Caucus Member Rep. Ted Yoho Weighs In On Government Shutdown. National Public Radio. 2019-01-03 [2021-03-26]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-14).
Ted Yoho is a member of the Freedom Caucus.