西西里黑手党
西西里黑手党(意大利语:Mafia Siciliana),可简称作黑手党(Mafia),成员亦称之为“科萨诺斯特拉”(Cosa Nostra,意大利语发音:[ˈkɔza ˈnɔstra],意为“我们自己的东西”),是以意大利西西里岛为基地,带有恐怖主义特色的黑手党类型的[3]有组织犯罪集团。随着移民潮,黑手党蔓延到如美国与加拿大等国家。
创建地点 | ![]() |
---|---|
活跃年代 | 19世纪起 |
活动范围 | 主要分布在西西里岛西部,特别是巴勒莫、特拉帕尼和阿格里真托[1] |
种族特点 | 西西里人 |
成员人数 | 5,500[2] |
犯罪活动 | 收保护费、勒索、贿选、贩毒、围标、放高利贷、绑票、谋杀 |
简介
编辑西西里黑手党是由有松散联系的多个犯罪集团组成,它们有共同的组织架构以及行为守则。基础的团体被称为“家庭”、“部落”或“cosca”(意大利语,意思为“氏族”)。[4]每个“家庭”都会对领土宣称主权,范围通常是一个城镇、一个村庄,或一个大城市中的一个近邻社区(意大利语:borgata),它们会在“领土”内进行违法的赚取金钱的行为。黑手党的成员会称自己作"made men"(美语,直译作“修成者”)、“uomo d'onore”(意语,字面解“荣耀者”)、“omu d'onuri”(西西里语,意思是“荣耀者”)或“uomo di rispetto”(意语,字面上等于“尊崇者”),但公众人士一般称他们为“意大利语:mafiosi”(可译成“黑手党成员”)。西西里黑手党的主要活动是收取保护费、进行犯罪者之间的仲裁,以及组织和监管一些非法协议和交易。[5][6]
入帮仪式
编辑以西西里传统入帮仪式而言,黑手党新进喽啰要入会之前,首先跪在首领之前,首领取一张圣人的圣像,通常是首领或新进喽啰的主保圣人,或者圣母像。置于喽啰一只手之手心,首领取一把匕首(或任何小刀,甚至水果刀或瑞士刀),划开喽啰另一只手的手指,让血滴在圣像之上。然后要喽啰双手并拢,以掌心捧著圣像。首领问:“你愿意在圣人面前以血发誓,永远遵守帮规,不出卖家族么?”喽啰答:“我发誓。”然后首领即点火燃烧那张掌心捧著的染血圣像,说;“圣人见证,你若背叛,就如同这张圣像,在阳世间被炮烙,或者在地狱里受火刑”。将烧至手时,喽啰将圣像放在地板上,低头合掌向圣像礼拜。首领会走过来拥抱喽啰,说:“圣人赐福予你,我的兄弟(我的孩子)”。[7][自述来源]。
参见
编辑参考来源
编辑- ^ Paoli (2014), p. 124
- ^ Mapping the mafia: Italy's web of criminal gangs explained. Euronews.com. 25 May 2021 [27 December 2018] (英语).
- ^ Processo Dell'Utri, Spatuzza in aula: Graviano mi parlò di Berlusconi. corriere.it. 4 December 2009 [2018-07-13]. (原始内容存档于2015-03-23) (意大利语).
- ^ Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline and Resurrection of America's Most power Mafia Empire 1at. Thomas Dunne Books. May 13, 2014: 13. ISBN 978-0312361815.
- ^ Gambetta (1993)
- ^ Gambetta (2009)
- ^ 揭祕——為甚麼美國黑手黨每年要在深圳買一萬多幅畫?. [2018-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-25).
参考资料
编辑- Alcorn, John (2004). Revolutionary Mafiosi: Voice and Exit in the 1890s(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), in: Paolo Viola & Titti Morello (eds.), L’associazionismo a Corleone: Un’inchiesta storica e sociologica (Istituto Gramsci Siciliano, Palermo, 2004)
- Arlacchi, Pino (1988). Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-285197-7
- Arlacchi, Pino. Men of Dishonor: Inside the Sicilian Mafia. Morrow. 1993. ISBN 0-688-04574-X.
- (意大利文) Arlacchi, Pino (1994). Addio Cosa nostra: La vita di Tommaso Buscetta, Milan: Rizzoli ISBN 88-17-84299-0
- Chubb, Judith (1989). The Mafia and Politics, Cornell Studies in International Affairs, Occasional Papers No. 23.
- Dickie, John. Cosa Nostra: A History of the Sicilian Mafia. Hodder. 2007. ISBN 978-0-340-93526-2.
- Duggan, Christopher (1989). Fascism and the Mafia, New Haven: Yale University Press ISBN 0-300-04372-4
- Duggan, Christopher (2008). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 0-618-35367-4
- Fijnaut, Cyrille & Letizia Paoli (2004), Organised crime in Europe: concepts, patterns, and control policies in the European Union and beyond (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Springer, ISBN 1-4020-2615-3
- Gambetta, Diego. The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection. Princeton University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-674-80742-1.
- Gambetta, Diego. Codes of the Underworld. Princeton University Press. 2009 [2018-07-13]. ISBN 9780691119373. (原始内容存档于2021-05-12).
- Hess, Henner (1998). Mafia & Mafiosi: Origin, Power, and Myth (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), London: Hurst & Co Publishers, ISBN 1-85065-500-6
- Lupo, Salvatore. The History of the Mafia. New York: Columbia University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-231-13134-6.
- McCarthy, Dennis. An Economic History of Organized Crime (PDF). Routledge. 2011 [2018-07-13]. ISBN 0-203-81425-8. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-03).
- Mosca, Gaetano (2014). "What is Mafia." M&J, 2014. Translation of the book "Cosa è la Mafia," Giornale degli Economisti, Luglio 1901, pp. 236–62. ISBN 979-11-85666-00-6
- Paoli, Letizia. Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-19-515724-9.
- Raab, Selwyn. Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2005. ISBN 978-1-86105-952-9.
- Schneider, Jane T. & Peter T. Schneider (2003). Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Berkeley: University of California Press ISBN 0-520-23609-2
- Seindal, René (1998). Mafia: money and politics in Sicily, 1950-1997(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, ISBN 87-7289-455-5
- Servadio, Gaia (1976), Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg ISBN 0-436-44700-2
- Bandiera, Oriana (2002). Land Reform, the Market for Protection and the Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Apr., 2003), pp. 218–244.
外部链接
编辑- Direzione Investigativa Antimafia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (意大利文)