语言模块
语言模块，又称为“语言官能 ”，是人脑或认知系统中的一种假设结构，含有与生俱来的语言能力，最初由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出。目前关于大脑模块化的研究正在认知科学和神经科学领域进行，不过目前的观点相较于乔姆斯基和杰瑞·福多在1980年代所提出的观点弱上许多。在今日术语中，模块化指的是专门化处理：语言处理在大脑中是专门化的，这意指语言处理是局部发生在不同的区域，不同于像是视觉输入这种其它类型的资讯处理。目前的观点认为，语言既非发生在分隔的区域，也不是基于像乔治·莱考夫所提出的那种通用的加工原则，而是在某种程度上模块化的，被认为是认知功能中的一个特定的认知技巧或认知区域。[1][2][3]
模块的含义 编辑
人脑中“语言专用模块”的概念，起源于乔姆斯基的普遍文法 （UG）理论。由于对语言模块性问题的理解不同而引发了争论。[4] 但是，在文献中存在一些共识，即认为模块是以资讯封装的方式处理特定表征（ 领域特定性 ）（Bryson和Stein，2001） [5] [6] 。 [7] 应当对“解剖模块性”和“功能模块性”作出区分，前者认为在大脑中存在一个负责处理相关历程的“区域”，而后者则取消了解剖模块性，认为资讯封装分散在大脑的各个部分中。 [8]
没有单一的解剖模块 编辑
现有证据指出，没有一个解剖区域专门用来处理语言。瓦达测试（Wada test）使用异戊巴比妥钠来麻醉一个脑半球 ，结果表明左半球对语言处理至关重要。[9] 然而，神经成像的结果指出，语言处理并非只有单独区域涉及，而是由许多不同区域涉及语言处理中的不同环节，[10] [11] [12]不只是存在于左半球。[13] 此外，个别区域似乎具有许多不同的功能。[14] 因此，在解剖模块内发生语言处理的程度被视为轻微的。 然而，正如许多人所建议的那样，即使语言处理是在整个大脑中进行，语言处理依然可以是模块性处理[15] [16]。亦即，语言处理可以在功能模块中进行。
没有双重分离的习得或发展 编辑
一种用于证明模块性的常见方法，是找到一个双重分离。这会分成两组，第一组是语言能力严重受损但认知能力正常的人，第二组则是认知能力严重受损但语言能力完好的人。[17][18][19] 虽然在左半球临侧裂区（perisylvian area）的广泛病变，可能会使人无法产生或感知语言（完全性失语症），[20] 但是没有一种已知个案，在面临严重的非语言性恶化时，语言能够完全完好无损。[21] 因此，基于这一证据，语言处理不能被赋予功能模块的地位。
然而，来自发展研究（Development studies）用来支持语言模块的证据也被提出（最着名的是史迪芬·平克[22]），即所谓“特定型语言障碍和威廉氏症候群之间的分离现象（dissociation）”，前者是语言混乱，而其他心智能力则不受影响，[23] 后者则是存在严重的心智缺陷，语言能力却幸免于难[24]。更近期和实证性强的研究表明，这些主张可能不正确，因此大大削弱了对分离现象的支持。 举例来说，布洛克[25]还有Mervis和Beccera的回顾工作[26]证明，威廉氏症候群患者的语言能力并不比失去语言能力的患者的预测表现还要好。 另外，关于特定型语言障碍究竟是一种语言障碍，还是病因来自更普遍的认知问题（如语音），有着相当多的争论。[27][28][29][30] 因此，目前还没有找到证明模块性所需的证据，即保持完好的语言能力却有严重的智力退化。因此，发展资料的证据几乎无法证明语言处理发生在模块中。
因此，双重分离的证据未能佐证模块性，虽然缺乏分离并不能证明模块是错的，但是该结果并无法从逻辑上推论出模块性。
缺乏资讯的封装 编辑
如果语言是一个模块，它的确会是资讯封装的。 然而，有证据表明事实并非如此。例如，在麦格克效应（McGurk effect）中，看着说某个音素的唇型，同时却播放另一个音素，就产生了混合音素的知觉。[31][32] 另外，坦恩豪斯（Tanenhaus）、斯皮维-诺尔顿（Spivey-Knowlton）、埃伯哈德（Eberhard）和塞迪维（Sedivy）（1995年）证明，视觉资讯会介入句法处理。此外，假定的语言模块应该只会处理与语言有关的资讯（即领域特定性）， 然而，有证据表明，用于辅助语言的区域也介入了运动控制[33]]和非语言的声音理解。[34]虽然在低于当前成像技术的分辨率下，仍可能会发生分离现象的处理过程，但是将所有证据综合起来后，资讯封装的根据就变得很薄弱。
替代理论 编辑
另一种观点认为，语言发生在一个更普遍的认知系统中。[35] 对此的反驳则是，人类语言似乎有着“特殊性”[36] 。这通常有着证据支持，例如所有教导动物人类语言的尝试都失败了（Hauser et al. 2003年），以及语言可以被有选择地破坏（单一的分离现象）[37] 。这些证据表明，语言处理可能需要专用的计算。 理论家们没有假设“纯粹的”模块性，而是选择了一个较弱的版本，即在功能特定的神经电路和计算中，实现领域特定性。例如，按杰肯道夫（Jackendoff）和平克的话来说“我们不该以一个整体，而是以成分结合的方式来研究语言，其中一些成分是语言特有的，另一些成分则是根植于更普遍的能力”[38]
相关辩论仍在持续进行。
参见 编辑
参考文献 编辑
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