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Mordred or Modred (/ˈmoʊdrɛd/; Welsh: Medraut or Medrawt) is a character who is variously portrayed in the Arthurian legend. The earliest known mention of a possibly historical Medraut is in the Welsh chronicle Annales Cambriae, wherein he and Arthur are ambiguously associated with the Battle of Camlann in a brief entry for the year 537. His figure seemed to have been regarded positively in the early Welsh tradition and may have been related to that of Arthur's son.

莫德雷德（英语：Mordred或Modred，又译为莫俊德、莫卓），是亚瑟王传说中一位重要的人物，也是其中最知名的叛徒。历史上的莫德雷德最早可能在《威尔士年代记（英语：Annales Cambriae）》中出现，这份文献以一篇简短的记事模糊不清地提及了公元537年的剑栏之战中的他与亚瑟王。在早期威尔士传统中，莫德雷德似乎有着积极正面的形象，也许还曾和亚瑟之子（英语：King Arthur's family）有某种关系。

As Modredus, Mordred was depicted as Arthur's traitorous nephew and a legitimate son of King Lot in Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudo-historical work Historia Regum Britanniae which then served as the basis for the following evolution of the legend since the 12th century. Later variants most often characterised him as Arthur's villainous bastard son, born of an incestuous relationship with his half-sister, the Queen of Orkney named either Anna, Orcades or Morgause. The accounts presented in the Historia and most other versions include Mordred's death at Camlann, typically in a final duel during which he manages to mortally wound his slayer Arthur.

在蒙茅斯的杰弗里所著的伪历史书《不列颠诸王史》中，莫德雷德被描写成亚瑟叛逆的侄子，以及洛特王（英语：King Lot）的合法子嗣。这本书在12世纪成为了亚瑟王传说后续发展的基础。后来的诸多文艺作品多把他描绘为亚瑟与姐姐摩高斯乱伦所生的孽子。史书与许多版本的故事体现了他的此番形象，包括令他殒命的剑栏之战——大多数故事都描写他死于与亚瑟王的决斗，亚瑟王亦身负濒死重伤。

Mordred is usually a brother or half-brother to Gawain; however, his other family relations as well as his relationships with Arthur's wife Guinevere vary greatly. In a popular telling originating from the French chivalric romances of the 13th century, and made prominent today through its inclusion in Le Morte d'Arthur, Mordred is knighted by Arthur and joins the fellowship of the Round Table. In this narrative, he eventually becomes the main actor in Arthur's downfall as he helps his half-brother Agravain to expose Guinevere's and Lancelot's affair and then takes advantage of the resulting war to make himself the high king of Britain.

莫德雷德在许多故事中与高文关系相对固定，他们通常是兄弟或异母兄弟；然而，他的其他家庭关系，以及他与亚瑟之妻桂妮薇儿的关系在不同作者笔下大相径庭。根据起源于13世纪的法国骑士文学，莫德雷德作为骑士受封于亚瑟并加入了圆桌骑士，这段情节现如今也闻名于《亚瑟之死》。在这段故事中，莫德雷德成为导致亚瑟王陨落中心人物，他协助异父兄弟阿格规文（英语：Agravain）曝光了桂妮薇儿与兰斯洛特的奸情，并利用随后的圆桌骑士内战登上了不列颠的王座。

名字的由来

编辑

The name Mordred, found as the Latinised Modredus in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, comes from Old Welsh Medraut (comparable to Old Cornish Modred and Old Breton Modrot).[1] It is ultimately derived from Latin Moderātus, meaning "within bounds, observing moderation, moderate".[2][3]

Mordred其名，最早出现在不列颠诸王史中，是Modredus拉丁化转写，来自古威尔士语Medraut，类似的还有古康沃尔语的Modred与古布列塔尼语的Modrot。[1]该词最早源自拉丁语的Moderātus，意为“有度的、适中的”。[4][5]

早期威尔士文献

编辑

The earliest surviving mention of Mordred (referred to as Medraut) is found in an entry for the year 537 in the chronicle Annales Cambriae (The Annals of Wales), which references his name in an association with the Battle of Camlann.[6]

Gueith Camlann in qua Arthur et Medraut corruerunt.
"The strife of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut fell."

最早提及莫德雷德的文献为《威尔士年代记（英语：Annales Cambriae）》，在记录公元537年的剑栏之战时提及了他的名字。[7]

Gueith Camlann in qua Arthur et Medraut corruerunt.
“剑栏之战，亚瑟与莫德雷德陨落。”

This brief entry gives no information as to whether Mordred killed or was killed by Arthur, or even if he was fighting against him. As noted by Leslie Alcock, the reader assumes this in the light of later tradition.[8] The Annales themselves were completed between 960 and 970, meaning that (although their authors likely drew from older material[9]) they cannot be considered as a contemporary source having been compiled 400 years after the events they describe.[10]

除此之外，这篇记录并没有告诉我们，到底是莫德雷德死于亚瑟之手还是成功弑杀亚瑟，甚至连他们两个有没有相互厮杀都不明不白。他们的故事是在之后的西欧传统中愈发清晰起来的。[11]《威尔士编年史》本身是在公元960年到970年间完成的，这意味着这部文献是在它所描述的事件发生400年后写下的，不能被视作亚瑟王时代的史书，尽管作者在编撰它的时候确实参考了许多旧文献。[12][13]

Meilyr Brydydd, writing at the same time as Geoffrey of Monmouth, mentions Mordred in his lament for the death of Gruffudd ap Cynan (d. 1137). He describes Gruffudd as having eissor Medrawd ("the nature of Medrawd") as to have valour in battle. Similarly, Gwalchmai ap Meilyr praised Madog ap Maredudd, king of Powys (d. 1160) as having Arthur gerdernyd, menwyd Medrawd ("Arthur's strength, the good nature of Medrawd").[14] This would support the idea that early perceptions of Mordred were largely positive.

梅勒·布莱迪（英语：梅勒·布莱迪）在写给格温内斯王格鲁夫（英语：Gruffudd ap Cynan）的挽歌中提及了莫德雷德。他描述格鲁夫道，他拥有eissor Medrawd——意为和莫德雷德相同的天性——这使得他在战斗中十分英勇。与之相似地，戈士麦（英语：Gwalchmai ap Meilyr）曾称赞波伊斯之王玛多戈（英语：Madog ap Maredudd），称他拥有Arthur gerdernyd, menwyd Medrawd——意为亚瑟的力量与莫德雷德的优良品性。[15]可见，莫德雷德在早期传统与文献中或许真的有一个正面的形象。

However, Mordred's later characterisation as the king's villainous son has a precedent in the figure of Amr or Amhar, a son of Arthur's known from only two references. The more important of these, found in an appendix to the 9th-century chronicle Historia Brittonum (The History of the Britons), describes his marvelous grave beside the Herefordshire spring where he had been slain by his own father in some unchronicled tragedy.[16][17] What connection exists between the stories of Amr and Mordred, if there is one, has never been satisfactorily explained.

在莫德雷德之前，亚瑟王孽子的形象就有过一个先例：阿默（英语：Amhar）——只有两处文献提及的亚瑟之子。

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Loomis, Roger Sherman. Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance. Chicago Review Press. 2005. ISBN 9781613732106 （英语）. 
  2. ^ Harbeck, James. Why Is the Mor in Voldemort (and Mordor and Dr. Moreau) So Evil-Sounding?. Slate. Lubbock, Texas: The Slate Group. March 21, 2014 [May 27, 2019]. 
  3. ^ Lewis, Charlton T. An Elementary Latin Dictionary. Woodstock, Georgia: American Book Company. 2013: 511 [1890]. ISBN 978-1614274933. 
  4. ^ Harbeck, James. Why Is the Mor in Voldemort (and Mordor and Dr. Moreau) So Evil-Sounding?. Slate. Lubbock, Texas: The Slate Group. March 21, 2014 [May 27, 2019]. 
  5. ^ Lewis, Charlton T. An Elementary Latin Dictionary. Woodstock, Georgia: American Book Company. 2013: 511 [1890]. ISBN 978-1614274933. 
  6. ^ Arthurian References in the 'Annales Cambriae'. Camelot Project at the University of Rochester. 由Lupack, Alan翻译. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester. 2002 [1 December 2006]. 
  7. ^ Arthurian References in the 'Annales Cambriae'. Camelot Project at the University of Rochester. 由Lupack, Alan翻译. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester. 2002 [1 December 2006]. 
  8. ^ Alcock, Leslie. Arthur's Britain: History and Archaeology A.D. 367–634. New York City: Penguin Publishing. 1970: 88. ISBN 978-0140213966. 
  9. ^ Ashe, Geoffrey. Annales Cambriae. The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. London, England: Routledge. 1991: 8–9. ISBN 978-1138147133. 
  10. ^ Green, Thomas. Concepts of Arthur. Chalford, England: Tempus Publishing. 2007: 27. ISBN 978-0752444611. 
  11. ^ Alcock, Leslie. Arthur's Britain: History and Archaeology A.D. 367–634. New York City: Penguin Publishing. 1970: 88. ISBN 978-0140213966. 
  12. ^ Ashe, Geoffrey. Annales Cambriae. The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. London, England: Routledge. 1991: 8–9. ISBN 978-1138147133. 
  13. ^ Green, Thomas. Concepts of Arthur. Chalford, England: Tempus Publishing. 2007: 27. ISBN 978-0752444611. 
  14. ^ Padel, Oliver James. Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature. Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press. May 15, 2013. ISBN 9781783165698 （英语）. 
  15. ^ Padel, Oliver James. Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature. Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press. May 15, 2013. ISBN 9781783165698 （英语）. 
  16. ^ Nennius. Historia Brittonum ("From the 'History of the Britons"). The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester. 由Lupack, Alan翻译. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester. [1 December 2006]. 
  17. ^ The Arthurian Handbook, p. 15; p. 277.
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