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唐纳德·萨瑟兰 (探险家)

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此页面介绍的是一名19世纪末的新西兰探险家。关于曾参演电影《饥饿游戏》的同名演员，请见“唐纳德·萨瑟兰”。
唐纳德·萨瑟兰
1888年的萨瑟兰
出生约1843/1844
苏格兰凯瑟尼斯郡维克
逝世1919年10月24日 (75/76岁)
新西兰米尔福德峡湾
职业探险家
士兵

唐纳德·萨瑟兰（英语：Donald Sutherland，1843/1844年 – 1919年10月24日）是一位生于苏格兰的19世纪末新西兰探险家。萨瑟兰生于苏格兰维克，并在意大利统一运动期间于千人团中服役。萨瑟兰后来到新西兰奥塔哥大区掏金，并在之后加入新西兰军队和参与新西兰土地战争。1877年，萨瑟兰开始在米尔福德峡湾中隐居，并在这段期间探索峡湾。在萨瑟兰结婚之后，他和他的妻子在峡湾里运营一间旅社直到萨瑟兰过世。当地的萨瑟兰瀑布即以他命名。

早年

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萨瑟兰于1843到1844年间在维克出生。在萨瑟兰16岁时，他加入一个驻扎在乔治堡（英语：Fort George, Highland）的民兵组织，并在之后在千人团中担任志愿役。1860年，千人团在拿坡里解散，萨瑟兰回到英国并担任国内船运的水手。[1]

定居新西兰

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在搭乘阿尔弗雷德王子号抵达但尼丁后，萨瑟兰离开了海运公司[1]。当时因为在邻近的加布里埃尔隘谷（英语：Gabriel's_Gully）曾发现黄金使整个奥塔哥陷入一股淘金潮[2]，萨瑟兰也到了隘谷附近开始淘金，但没有获得任何成功。于是在1863年12月，萨瑟兰前往北岛成为一名民兵，并在之后参与了新西兰土地战争。作为一名运水兵，萨瑟兰曾被允诺得到邻近剑桥（英语：Cambridge, New Zealand）的一块地，但是过了不久因为萨瑟兰想成为一名海豹猎人而离开了部队，前往南岛的菲奥德兰。然而萨瑟兰最后无法成为一名优秀的海豹猎人，于是他在西岸大区重操旧业，继续淘金。[1]

担任武装警卫

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1868年，由于淘金失败，萨瑟兰加入了当时的新西兰常驻武装警卫队（该警卫队为新西兰国防军的前身）并参与了许多和当地毛利人的武装冲突。He was involved in the fighting in the South Taranaki during the campaign against the Māori war chief Riwha Tītokowaru. He was also present at the siege of Ngatapa from December 1868 to January 1869, during the East Cape wars. He acted as a scout after fighting at Tauranga-ika and was involved in the pursuit of Tītokowaru's men following their abandonment of the pā (hillfort) there. In the mistaken belief that a bounty was offered for the head of any captives, he decapitated those he caught. 萨瑟兰最后以下士的军衔退役，并在之后得到一枚新西兰战争勋章（英语：New Zealand War Medal）。[1][3]

米尔福德峡湾

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萨瑟兰瀑布

萨瑟兰在退役后加入新西兰汽船勤务处，担任船只的引航员，并在1877年回到菲奥德兰定居。He had visited the area a number of times while working NZGSS vessels. Sailing from Dunedin with only a dog for company, he reached the Milford Sound on 3 December. Basing himself at Freshwater Basin, a site close to Bowen Falls, he constructed a three-room hut. Further dwellings were built later and he drew up plans for a settlement for what he called the city of Milford. He looked for gold, asbestos and bowenite.[1][4][5]

In 1878, Sutherland invited James McKay to join him in his hunt for gold. Finding none, the two used funds and provisions afforded by the Lake County to scout for a route between Milford Sound and Queenstown. He was unsuccessful in finding a pass through the mountains but did locate the track used by Māori to travel between Milford and Bligh Sounds.[6][7] In doing so, he was the first European to sight the waterfall that is now named for him. Originally it was claimed to be well over 1,000米（3,300英尺） in height and the highest in the world, but Sutherland Falls is actually only 580米（1,900英尺） high. It is still New Zealand's highest waterfall.[8][9]

By the early 1880s, McKay had left Milford, believing there was no gold to be had in the area. This left Sutherland as the only permanent resident in Milford Sound. In 1883, while sailing down the coast in his vessel Porpoise, he discovered another feature that is named for him, Sutherland Sound.[1][7][10] The same year, he attempted to climb Mitre Peak.[11] His failure to reach the summit was galling and he later attempted to discredit the first ascent made in 1911 by Jim Dennistoun.[12] His observations from his exploration of Milford Sound and the surrounding area were communicated to Alexander McKay, a geologist, who in August 1884 reported these to the Wellington Philosophical Society.[13]

For much of the next several years, Sutherland lived alone in Milford Sound, only receiving visits every six months or so when the NZGSS steamers Hinemoa or Stella called in.[1] In 1888, he was contracted to make a track from Milford through to Sutherland Falls. This took six months, and now forms part of the Milford Track.[14] He made occasional visits to Dunedin, and on one of these, in 1890, he married Elizabeth 本姓Samuels, a widower originally from England. The couple, using Elizabeth's money, purchased land on which the Chalet, an accommodation facility, was built. This catered to the increasing number of tourists visiting the area in the summer months via the Milford Track or by ship. Among them was the historian James Cowan, with whom Sutherland scouted in the area for diamonds.[1]

晚年

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在萨瑟兰仅剩的岁月里，他的侄子来到米尔福德峡湾和萨瑟兰的妻子一起经营木屋旅社[1]。 在新西兰政府（英语：Tourism New Zealand）的推动下，当地的观光业在20世纪近趋成熟By the 1900s, the tourism trade in the area was becoming well developed, encouraged by the government's Tourism Board.[15] In response, Sutherland began raising livestock at Milford for fresh meat. 萨瑟兰最后在1919年10月24日因病逝世。When he died, his wife was the only individual present at Milford Sound. Unable to bury her large-framed husband, she had to wait five weeks for the next visit of the Hinemoa before his body could be interred. His wife remained at Milford, running the Chalet until she sold it to the New Zealand government in 1922. She stayed on in Milford Sound and died on 10 December 1923. She is buried alongside her husband in a grave behind the Chalet.[1][16]

注脚

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  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Parham, W. T. Sutherland, Donald. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 
  2. ^ Walrond, Carl. Gold and gold mining – Otago. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry of Culture and Heritage. [17 July 2021]. 
  3. ^ Belich 1998，第268页.
  4. ^ Cowan 1935，第271–273页.
  5. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第61页.
  6. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第62–63页.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 McClymont 1940，第182–183页.
  8. ^ Cowan 1935，第274–275页.
  9. ^ Sutherland Falls 'discovered'. New Zealand History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. [17 July 2021]. 
  10. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第64页.
  11. ^ The 'Magnificent' Mitre Peak. Stuff. 27 October 2014 [17 July 2021]. 
  12. ^ Pascoe 1983，第146页.
  13. ^ McKay 1884，第454–455页.
  14. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第65页.
  15. ^ Wright 2009，第262页.
  16. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第76页.

参考文献

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