用户:Zhaixudong/草稿/西班牙语动词

西班牙语动词词形是西班牙语语法较为复杂的部分之一，西班牙语是一种相对的综合语，具有中度至高度的词形变化，主要表现在西班牙语动词变位。

在几乎所有语言中，典型的动词是西班牙动词表达某一特定主题的动作或状态，如同大多数印欧语言中的动词一样，西班牙语动词根据以下类别进行变形：

• 时态：过去式、现在式或将来式
• 数：单数或复数
• 人称：第一，第二或第三
• 敬语：熟悉或尊重
• 语气：指示性、潜意识或祈使语气
• 体：完整体或非完整体（仅在过去时刻区分为完整或非完整）
• 语态：主动或被动语态

现代西班牙语动词系统有16个完全不同 paradigms (i.e. sets of forms for each combination of tense and mood (tense refers to when the action takes place, and mood or mode refers to the mood of the subject – e.g., certainty vs. doubt), plus one incomplete paradigm (the imperative), as well as three non-temporal forms (the infinitive, gerund, and past participle).

十四种常规时态也分为七个简单时态和七个复合时态（也称为完整时态）。七个复合时态由助动词 haber 后跟过去分词组成。动词可以以其它形式，such as the present progressive, 但是在语法论文中，它们通常不被认为是特殊的时态，而是通常被称为Periphrasis语言结构。

Accidents of a verb

A verbal accident is defined as one of the changes of form that a verb can undergo. Spanish verbs have five accidents. Every verb changes according to the following:

人称和数

西班牙语动词verbs are conjugated in three persons, each having a singular and a plural form. In some varieties of Spanish, such as that of the Río de la Plata Region, a special form of the second person is used.

Because Spanish is a "pro-drop language", subject pronouns are often omitted.

第一人称

语法第一人称面向讲话者（“我”），第一人称复数面向讲话者和至少一位其它人。

• (Yo) soy: "I am"
• (Nosotros/Nosotras) somos: "We are"; the feminine form nosotras is used only when referring to a group that is composed entirely of females; otherwise, nosotros is used.

第二人称

语法上的第二人称是指受话者，交谈的接受者（“你”）。西班牙语对于“你”有不同的人称代词（及其动词形式），依据说话者与受话者的关系，家人或是敬语。

单数形式

• (Tú) eres: "你是"; 家人单数形式；used when addressing someone who is of close affinity (a member of the family, a close friend, a child, a pet). Also the form used to address the deity.
• (Vos) sos: "你是"; 家人单数；通常与tú的使用情况相同 Its use is restricted to some areas of Hispanic America；在tú和vos都在使用的时候，vos则用于更亲近的关系。
• (Usted) es: "You are"; 敬语单数；used when addressing a person respectfully, 老人、someone older, someone not known to the speaker, or someone of some social distance. Although it is a second-person pronoun, it uses third-person verb forms (and object pronouns and possessives) because it developed as a contraction of vuestra merced (literally, "your mercy" or "your grace").

复数形式

• (Vosotros/Vosotras) sois: "You (all) are"; 家人复数；used when addressing people who are of close affinity (members of the family, friends, children, pets). 阴性形式“vosotras”仅用于群体中全部都是女性的时候；其他情况下使用“vosotros”。Used primarily in Spain and Equatorial Guinea, though it may appear in old, formal texts from other countries, such as the Philippines, or in the initial line of the Argentine national anthem (“Oíd, mortales, el grito sagrado”).
• (Ustedes) son: "You (all) are"; formal plural where vosotros is used; both familiar and formal plural elsewhere. Where it is strictly formal, used when addressing people respectfully or addressing people of some social distance. Like usted, it uses third-person verb forms, for the same reasons.

第三人称

The grammatical third person refers to a person or thing other than the speaker or the addressee.

单数形式

• (Él) es: "He/it is"; used for a male person or a thing of masculine (grammatical) gender.
• (Ella) es: "She/it is"; used for a female person or a thing of feminine (grammatical) gender.
• (Ello) es: "It is"; used to refer to neuter nouns such as facts, ideas, situations, and sets of things; rarely used as an explicit subject.

复数形式

• (Ellos) son: "They are"; used for a group of people or things that includes at least one person or thing of masculine (grammatical) gender.
• (Ellas) son: "They are"; used for a group of people or things that are all of feminine (grammatical) gender.

语气

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive forms that are used to signal modality. 在西班牙语中，每个动词都有三种语气形式。

• 陈述语气： The indicative mood, or evidential mood, is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. 西班牙语条件语, although semantically expressing the dependency of one action or proposition on another, is generally considered a tense of the indicative mood, because, syntactically, it can appear in an independent clause.
• 虚拟语气：表达了过去、现在或未来的想象中或期望的行动。
• 祈使语气：表达了直接的命令、要求或禁令。在西班牙语中，使用强制性语气可能听起来过于直白甚至粗鲁，所以应当小心使用。

Tense

The tense of a verb indicates the time when the action occurs. It may be in the past, present, or future.

Impersonal or non-finite forms of the verb

Non-finite verb forms refer to an action or state without indicating the time or person. Spanish has three impersonal forms: the infinitive, the gerund, and the past participle.

不定式

不定式是通常在字典里出现的形式，他对应英语中“基于”或“字典形式”，并通常用英语表示为"to _____" （"to sing," "to write," 等）西班牙语动词不定式的结尾有三种类型：

• "-ar" 动词 (primera conjugación ["first conjugation"])

例子：hablar ("to speak"); cantar ("to sing"); bailar ("to dance")

• "-er" 动词 (segunda conjugación ["second conjugation"])

例子：beber ("to drink"); leer ("to read"); comprender ("to understand")

• "-ir" 动词 (tercera conjugación ["third conjugation"])

例子：vivir ("to live"); sentir ("to feel"); escribir ("to write")

动名词

Although in English grammar the gerund refers to the -ing form of the verb used as a noun, 在西班牙语中，这个术语所说的动词形式更像是一个副词。它在动词词根（动词不定式不包括最后两个字母）后面加上下列结尾而构建：

• -ar 动词: -ando

例如：hablando ("speaking"); cantando ("singing"); bailando ("dancing")

• -er 动词: -iendo

例如：bebiendo（"drinking"）；leyendo（带有拼写变化；"reading"）； comprendiendo （"understanding"）

• -ir 动词: -iendo

例如：viviendo ("living"); sintiendo（带有词根元音变化；"feeling"); escribiendo ("writing")

唯一一个不规则的动名词变化是 poder（"to be able"）它的动名词形式是pudiendo。

动名词的 The gerund has a variety of uses and can mean (with haciendo, for example) "doing/while doing/by doing/because of one's doing/through doing" and so on. It is also used to form progressive constructions, such as estoy haciendo ("I am doing").

动名词不能当作形容词使用（不像很多其他欧洲语言那样），动词通常没有相应的形容词形式，. The now-generally archaic用-ante 或 -iente 结尾的现在分词and formerly filled this function, 用在一些现有案例的形容词中（例如； durmiente（在睡觉的，"sleeping"）， interesante (感兴趣的，"interesting"），但是这种案例有限， and in cases where it does not, other constructions 其他一些句子必须使用下列方法造句：在英语中会说的“the crying baby”（在哭的婴儿）, 西班牙语中的一种说法是 el bebé que llora（"the baby who's crying"; llorante是古老用法）。

过去分词

参见：List of Spanish irregular participles

过去分词对应英语中动词的 -en 或 -ed 形式。它们用动词词根加上下面的结尾构造而成：

• -ar 动词: -ado

例子：hablado ("spoken"); cantado ("sung"); bailado ("danced")

• -er 动词: -ido

例子：bebido ("drunk"); leído (requires accent mark; "read"); comprendido ("understood")

• -ir 动词,: -ido

例子：vivido ("lived"); sentido ("felt"); hervido ("boiled")

过去分词以不变化的 -o 结尾，需要跟随助动词 haber 去to form the compound or 完成： (Yo) he hablado ("I have spoken"); (Ellos) habían hablado ("They had spoken"); 等。

当过去分词被用作形容词时，要根据性与数变化—例如，una lengua hablada en España （一个在西班牙说的语言，"a language spoken in Spain"）。

Voice

In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target, or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice.

Verbal aspect

Verbal aspect marks whether an action is completed (perfect), a completed whole (perfective), or not yet completed (imperfective).

• Perfect: In Spanish, verbs that are conjugated with haber ("to have [done something]") are in the perfect aspect.
• Perfective: In Spanish, verbs in the preterite are in the perfective aspect.
• Imperfective: In Spanish, the present, imperfect, and future tenses are in the imperfective aspect.

Conjugation

  关于a set of conjugation tables，请见“Spanish conjugation”。

In this page, verb conjugation is illustrated with the verb hablar ("to talk," "to speak").

陈述语气

The indicative mood has five simple tenses, each of which has a corresponding perfect form. In older classifications, the conditional tenses were considered part of an independent conditional mood. Continuous forms (such as estoy hablando) are usually not considered part of the verbal paradigm, though they often appear in books addressed to English speakers who are learning Spanish. Modern grammatical studies count only the simple forms as tenses, and the other forms as products of tenses and aspects.

Simple tenses (tiempos simples)

The simple tenses are the forms of the verb without the use of a modal or helping verb. The following are the simple tenses and their uses:

Present (presente)

The present tense is formed with the endings shown below:

Pronoun subject	-ar verbs (primera conjugación)	-er verbs (segunda conjugación)	-ir verbs (tercera conjugación)
yo	-o
tú	-as	-es
vos	-ás	-és	-ís
él/ella/ello/usted	-a	-e
nosotros/nosotras	-amos	-emos	-imos
vosotros/vosotras	-áis	-éis	-ís
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-an	-en

Uses of the present indicative

This tense is used to indicate the following:

• Actual present: This expresses an action that is being done at the very moment.

María habla con Juan por teléfono = "María is speaking with Juan on the telephone"

• Habitual present: This expresses an action that is regularly and habitually being done.

María va al campo todos los sábados = "María goes to the countryside every Saturday"

• Atemporal present: This expresses general truths that are not bounded by time.

Dos más dos son cuatro = "Two plus two equals four"

Los planetas giran alrededor del sol = "The planets revolve around the sun"

• Historical present: This expresses an action that happened in the past but is accepted as historical fact.

Fernando Magallanes descubre las Filipinas el 15 de marzo de 1521 = "Ferdinand Magellan discovered the Philippines on 15 March 1521"

• An immediate future: This expresses an action that will be done in the very near future with a high degree of certainty.

Este junio, viajo a España = "This June, I am travelling to Spain"

• Imperative value: In some areas of Spain and Hispanic America, the present can be used (with an exclamatory tone) with an imperative value.

¡Ahora te vas y pides disculpas al señor Ruiz! = "Now go and ask pardon from Mr. Ruiz!"

未完成时 (pretérito imperfecto)

The imperfect is formed with the endings shown below:

人称主语	-ar 动词	-er 和 -ir 动词
yo	-aba	-ía
tú/vos	-abas	-ías
él/ella/ello/usted	-aba	-ía
nosotros/nosotras	-ábamos	-íamos
vosotros/vosotras	-abais	-íais
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-aban	-ían

Uses of the imperfect

This tense is used to express the following:

• Habitual action in the past: This use expresses an action done habitually in an indefinite past. It does not focus on when the action ended.

Cuando era pequeño, hablaba español con mi abuela = "When I was young, I spoke Spanish with my grandmother"

• An action interrupted by another action: This expresses an action that was in progress when another action took place.

Tomábamos la cena cuando entró Eduardo = "We were having dinner when Eduardo came in"

• General description of the past: This expresses a past setting, as, for example, the background for a narrative.

Todo estaba tranquilo esa noche. Juan Eduardo miraba el partido de fútbol con su amigo Alejandro. Comían unas porciones de pizza. = "Everything was calm that night. Juan Eduardo was watching the football match with his friend Alejandro. They were eating some slices of pizza."

Preterite (pretérito indefinido)

The preterite is formed with the endings shown below:

Pronoun subject	-ar verbs	-er and -ir verbs
yo	-é	-í
tú/vos	-aste	-iste
él/ella/ello/usted	-ó	-ió
nosotros/nosotras	-amos	-imos
vosotros/vosotras	-asteis	-isteis
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-aron	-ieron

Uses of the preterite

This tense is used to express the following:

• An action that was done in the past: This use expresses an action that is viewed as a completed event. It is often accompanied by adverbial expressions of time, such as ayer, anteayer, or la semana pasada.

Ayer, encontré la flor que tú me diste = "Yesterday, I found the flower that you gave me"

• An action that interrupts another action: This expresses an event that happened (and was completed) while another action was taking place.

Tomábamos la cena cuando entró Eduardo = "We were having dinner when Eduardo came in"

• A general truth: This expresses a past relationship that is viewed as finished.

Las Filipinas fueron parte del Imperio Español = "The Philippines were part of the Spanish Empire"

Future (futuro simple or futuro imperfecto)

The future tense uses the entire infinitive as a stem. The following endings are attached to it:

Pronoun subject	(All regular verbs) Infinitive form +
yo	-é
tú/vos	-ás
él/ella/ello/usted	-á
nosotros/nosotras	-emos
vosotros/vosotras	-éis
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-án

Uses of the future

This tense is used to express the following:

• A future action: This expresses an action that will be done in the future.

El año próximo, visitaré Buenos Aires = "Next year, I shall/will visit Buenos Aires"

• Uncertainty or Probability: This expresses inference, rather than direct knowledge.

¿Quién estará tocando a la puerta? — Será Fabio. = "Who (do you suppose) is knocking at the door? — It must be Fabio" or "Who will that be knocking at the door? — That'll be Fabio"; this use of the future tense also occurs in English; see Future Tense, Relation among tense, aspect, and modality implications of "will" and "going to").

• Command, prohibition, or obligation:

No llevarás a ese hombre a mi casa = "Do not bring that man to my house" or, more accurately, "You will not bring that man to my house"; this form is also used to assert a command, prohibition, or obligation in English.

• Courtesy:

¿Te importará encender la televisión? = "Would you mind turning on the television?"

Another common way to represent the future is with a present indicative conjugation of ir followed by a plus an infinitive verb: Voy a viajar a Bolivia en el verano ("I'm going to travel to Bolivia in the summer").

Compound tenses (tiempos compuestos)

All the compound tenses are formed with haber followed by the past participle of the main verb. Haber changes its form for person, number, and the like, while the past participle remains invariable, ending with -o regardless of the number or gender of the subject.

Present perfect (pretérito perfecto)

In the present perfect, the present indicative of haber is used as an auxiliary, and it is followed by the past participle of the main verb. In most of Spanish America, this tense has virtually the same use as the English present perfect:

• Te he dicho mi opinión = "I have told you my opinion"

In most of Spain the tense has an additional use—to express a past action or event that is contained in an unfinished period of time or that has effects in the present:

• Este mes ha llovido mucho, pero hoy hace buen día = "It rained a lot this month, but today is a fine day"

Past perfect or pluperfect (pretérito pluscuamperfecto)

In this tense, the imperfect form of haber is used as a modal, and it is followed by the past participle of the main verb.

• (yo) había + past participle
• (tú) habías + past participle
• (él/ella/ello/usted) había + past participle
• (nosotros/nosotras) habíamos + past participle
• (vosotros/vosotras) habíais + past participle
• (ellos/ellas/ustedes) habían + past participle

Uses

This form is used to express the following:

• A past action that occurred prior to another past action:

Yo había esperado tres horas cuando él llegó = "I had been waiting for three hours when he arrived"

Past anterior (pretérito anterior)

This tense combines the preterite form of haber with the past participle of the main verb. It is very rare in spoken Spanish, but it is sometimes used in formal written language, where it is almost entirely limited to subordinate (temporal, adverbial) clauses. Thus, it is usually introduced by temporal conjunctions such as cuando, apenas, or en cuanto. It is used to express an action that ended immediately before another past action.

• (yo) hube + past participle
• (tú) hubiste + past participle
• (él/ella/ello/usted) hubo + past participle
• (nosotros/nosotras) hubimos + past participle
• (vosotros/vosotras) hubisteis + past participle
• (ellos/ellas/ustedes) hubieron + past participle

For example:

• Cuando hubieron llegado todos, empezó la ceremonia = "When everyone had arrived, the ceremony began"
• Apenas María hubo terminado la canción, su padre entró = "As soon as Maria had finished the song, her father came in"

This tense is often replaced by either the preterite or the pluperfect, with the same meaning:

• Apenas María terminó la canción, su padre entró
• Apenas María había terminado la canción, su padre entró

Future perfect (futuro compuesto)

The future perfect is formed with the future indicative form of haber followed by the past participle of the main verb.

• (yo) habré + past participle
• (tú) habrás + past participle
• (él/ella/ello/usted) habrá + past participle
• (nosotros/nosotras) habremos + past participle
• (vosotros/vosotras) habréis + past participle
• (ellos/ellas/ustedes) habrán + past participle

For example:

• Habré hablado = "I shall/will have spoken"

This tense is used to indicate a future action that will be finished right before another future action.

• Cuando yo llegue a la fiesta, ya se habrán marchado todos = "When I arrive at the party, everybody will have already left"

条件句

简单条件句 (condicional simple or pospretérito)

As with the future, the conditional uses the entire infinitive as the stem. The following endings are attached to it:

主语代词	(所有规则动词) 不定式 +
yo	-ía
tú/vos	-ías
él/ella/ello/usted	-ía
nosotros/nosotras	-íamos
vosotros/vosotras	-íais
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-ían

条件句的使用

This tense is used to express the following:

• 礼貌: 经常在请求时使用这个语气，使之更礼貌。

Señor, ¿podría darme una copa de vino? = “先生，您能给我一杯葡萄酒吗？”（"Sir, could you give me a glass of wine?"）

• 礼貌的表达欲望（使用 querer）:

Querría ver la película esta semana = “我想要在这周看这电影。”（"I would like to see the film this week"）

• In a then clause whose realization depends on a hypothetical if clause:

Si yo fuera rico, viajaría a Sudamérica = “如果我富有，我会去南美洲旅行。”（"If I were rich, I would travel to South America"）

• Speculation about past events (the speaker's knowledge is indirect, unconfirmed, or approximating):

¿Cuantas personas asistieron a la inauguración del Presidente? — No lo sé; habría unas 5.000 = "How many people attended the President's inauguration? — I do not know; there must have been about 5,000")

• 与过去相关的未来的事情（过去将来时）: 这里说的将来的行动是在过去的想象。

Cuando era pequeño, pensaba que me gustaría ser médico = “当我年轻的时候，我希望成为一个医生。”（"When I was young, I thought that I would like to be a doctor"）

• 试想:

Yo que tú, lo olvidaría completamente = “如果我是你，我会完全忘记他。”（"If I were you, I would forget him completely"）

Conditional perfect or compound conditional (condicional compuesto or antepospretérito)

This form refers to a hypothetical past action.

举例:

• Yo habría hablado si me hubieran/hubiesen dado la oportunidad = "I would have spoken if they had given me the opportunity to"

The imperative

The imperative mood has three specific forms, corresponding to the pronouns tú, vos, and vosotros (tú and vos are used in different regional dialects; vosotros only in Spain). These forms are used only in positive expressions, not negative ones. The subjunctive supplements the imperative in all other cases (negative expressions and the conjugations corresponding to the pronouns nosotros, él/ella, usted, ellos/ellas, and ustedes).

The imperative can also be expressed in three other ways:

• Using the present or future indicative to form an emphatic command: Comerás la verdura ("You will eat the vegetables")
• The first person plural imperative ("Let's...") can also be expressed by Vamos a + infinitive: ¡Vamos a comer!
• Indirect commands with que: Que lo llame el secretario ("Have the secretary call him")

Affirmative imperative (imperativo positivo)

The positive form of the imperative mood in regular verbs is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding the following:

Pronoun subject	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
tú	-a	-e
vos	-á	-é	-í
usted	-e	-a
nosotros/nosotras	-emos	-amos
vosotros/vosotras	-ad (-ar)	-ed (-er)	-id (-ir)
ustedes	-en	-an

The singular imperative tú coincides with the third-person singular of the indicative for all but a few irregular verbs. The plural vosotros is always the same as the infinitive, but with a final -d instead of an -r in the formal, written form; the informal spoken form is the same as the infinitive. The singular vos drops the -r of the infinitive, requiring a written accent to indicate the stress.

Negative imperative (imperativo negativo)

For the negative imperative, the adverb no is placed before the verb, and the following endings are attached to the stem:

Pronoun subject	-ar verbs	-er and -ir verbs
tú/vos	-es	-as
usted	-e	-a
nosotros/nosotras	-emos	-amos
vosotros/vosotras	-éis	-áis
ustedes	-en	-an

Note that in the imperative, the affirmative second-person forms differ from their negative counterparts; this is the only case of a difference in conjugation between affirmative and negative in Spanish.

Beginner's rule:

1. To conjugate something that is positive in the imperative mood for the tú form (which is used most often), conjugate for the tú form and drop the s.
2. To conjugate something that is negative in the imperative mood for the tú form (which also is used most often), conjugate in the yo form, drop the o, add the opposite tú ending (if it is an -ar verb add es; for an -er or -ir verb add as), and then put the word no in front.

Emphasizing the subject

If one wishes to place emphasis on the subject of a command, it is placed after the verbal word:

• Hazlo tú = "You do it"
• No lo diga usted = "Don't you [polite] say it"

Examples

Positive command forms of the verb comer

Subject	Command	Gloss	Remarks
tú	¡Come!	"Eat!"	General form of the informal singular
vos	¡Comé!	"Eat!"	Used in the Ríoplatense Dialect and much of Central America. Formerly, vos and its verb forms were not accepted by the Real Academia Española, but the latest online dictionary of the RAE shows, for example, the vos imperative ‘’comé’’ on a par with the tú imperative come.
usted	¡Coma!	"Eat!"	Formal singular
nosotros/nosotras	¡Comamos!	"Let us eat!"	Used as an order or as an invitation.
vosotros/vosotras	¡Comed!	"Eat!"	Normative plural for informal address, though its use is becoming rare
vosotros/vosotras	¡Comer!	"Eat!"	Common plural used in Spain for informal address, though not admitted by the Real Academia Española
ustedes	¡Coman!	"Eat!"	General plural formal command; used also as familiar plural command in Spanish America

Negative command forms of the verb comer

Subject	Command	Gloss	Remarks
tú/vos	¡No comas!	"Do not eat!"	General form of the informal singular; the only form accepted by the Real Academia Española, even on standard voseo conjugation.
vos	¡No comás!	"Do not eat!"	Used by the general voseante population; not accepted by the Real Academia Española
usted	¡No coma!	"Do not eat!"	Formal singular
nosotros/nosotras	¡No comamos!	"Let's not eat!"	Used as a suggestion
vosotros/vosotras	¡No comáis!	"Do not eat!"	Informal plural in Spain
ustedes	¡No coman!	"Do not eat!"	General negative plural formal command; used also as familiar plural command in Spanish America

The pronominal verb comerse

Subject	Command	Gloss	Remarks
tú	¡Cómete ...!	"Eat!"	Used emphatically
vos	¡Comete ...!	"Eat!"	Used normatively in the Ríoplatense Dialect; used informally in Central America
usted	¡Cómase ...!	"Eat!"	Formal singular
nosotros/nosotras	¡Comámonos ...!	"Let's eat!"	the original -s ending is dropped before the pronoun nos is affixed to prevent cacophony or dissonant sound
vosotros/vosotras	¡Comeos ...!	"Eat!"	The original -d ending is dropped before the pronoun os is affixed to prevent cacophony or dissonant sound
vosotros/vosotras	¡Comeros ...!	"Eat!"	Colloquial plural used in Spain for informal address, though not admitted by the Real Academia Española
ustedes	¡Cómanse ...!	"Eat!"	General plural formal command; used also as familiar plural command in Spanish America

Note that the pronouns precede the verb in the negative commands as the mode is subjunctive, not imperative: no te comas/comás; no se coma/coman; no nos comamos; no os comáis.

The verb ir

Subject Pronoun	Imperative Form	Gloss	Remarks
tú	¡Ve!	"Go!"	General form of the singular imperative
vos	¡Andá!	"Go!"	Used because the general norm in the voseo imperative is to drop the final -d and add an accent; however, if this were done, the form would be í
usted	¡Vaya!	"Go!"	Same as the subjunctive form
nosotros/nosotras	¡Vamos!	"Let's go!"	More common form
nosotros/nosotras	¡Vayamos!	"Let's go!"	Prescribed form, but rarely used
vosotros/vosotras	¡Id!	"Go!"	Prescribed form
vosotros/vosotras	¡Ir!	"Go!"	Colloquial form
ustedes	¡Vayan!	"Go!"	Formal plural; also familiar in Spanish America

The pronominal verb irse is irregular in the second person plural normative form, because it does not drop the -d or the -r:

• ¡idos! (vosotros): "Go away!" (plural for informal address, recommended by the Real Academia Española but extremely uncommon)
• ¡iros! (vosotros): "Go away!" (common in Spain, but not admitted by the Real Academia Española)

The subjunctive

The subjunctive mood has a separate conjugation table with fewer tenses. It is used, almost exclusively in subordinate clauses, to express the speaker's opinion or judgment, such as doubts, possibilities, emotions, and events that may or may not occur.

Simple tenses (tiempos simples)

Present subjunctive (presente de subjuntivo)

The present subjunctive of regular verbs is formed with the endings shown below:

Pronoun subject	‑ar verbs	‑er and ‑ir  verbs	Remarks
yo	-e	-a
tú/vos	-es	-as	For vos, the Spanish Royal Academy prescribes Rioplatense Spanish: ames, comas and partas
vos	-és	-ás	In Central America, amés, comás, and partás are the preferred present subjunctive forms of vos, but they are not accepted by the Spanish Royal Academy
él/ella/ello/usted	-e	-a
nosotros/nosotras	-emos	-amos
vosotros/vosotras	-éis	-áis
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-en	-an

Imperfect subjunctive (imperfecto de subjuntivo)

The imperfect subjunctive can be formed with either of two sets of endings: the "-ra endings" or the "-se endings", as shown below. In Spanish America, the -ra forms are virtually the only forms used, to the exclusion of the -se forms. In Spain, both sets of forms are used, but the -ra forms predominate there also.

Imperfect subjunctive, -ra forms

Pronoun subject	-ar verbs	-er and -ir verbs
yo	-ara	-iera
tú/vos	-aras	-ieras
él/ella/ello/usted	-ara	-iera
nosotros/nosotras	-áramos	-iéramos
vosotros/vosotras	-arais	-ierais
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-aran	-ieran

Imperfect subjunctive, -se forms

Pronoun subject	-ar verbs	-er and -ir verbs
yo	-ase	-iese
tú/vos	-ases	-ieses
él/ella/ello/usted	-ase	-iese
nosotros/nosotras	-ásemos	-iésemos
vosotros/vosotras	-aseis	-ieseis
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-asen	-iesen

Future subjunctive (futuro (simple) de subjuntivo)

This tense is no longer used in the modern language, except in legal language and some fixed expressions. The following endings are attached to the preterite stem:

Pronoun subject	-ar verbs	-er and -ir verbs
yo	-are	-iere
tú/vos	-ares	-ieres
él/ella/ello/usted	-are	-iere
nosotros/nosotras	-áremos	-iéremos
vosotros/vosotras	-areis	-iereis
ellos/ellas/ustedes	-aren	-ieren

For example:

• Cuando hablaren... = "Whenever they might speak..."

Compound tenses (tiempos compuestos)

In the subjunctive mood, the subjunctive forms of the verb haber are used with the past participle of the main verb.

Present perfect subjunctive (pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)

• Cuando yo haya hablado... = "When I have spoken..."

Pluperfect subjunctive (pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo)

• Si yo hubiera hablado... or Si yo hubiese hablado... = "If I had spoken..."

Future perfect subjunctive (futuro compuesto de subjuntivo)

Like the simple future subjunctive, this tense is no longer used in modern Spanish.

• Cuando yo hubiere hablado... = "When I shall have spoken..."

Notes:

• The present subjunctive is formed from the stem of the first person present indicative of a verb. Therefore, for an irregular verb like salir with the first person salgo, the present subjunctive would be salga, not sala.
• The choice between present subjunctive and imperfect subjunctive is determined by the tense of the main verb of the sentence.
• The future subjunctive is rarely used in modern Spanish and mostly appears in old texts, legal documents, and certain fixed expressions, such as venga lo que viniere ("come what may").

Continuous tenses

In Spanish grammar, continuous tenses are not formally recognized as in English. Although the imperfect expresses a continuity compared to the perfect (e.g., te esperaba ["I was waiting for you"]), the continuity of an action is usually expressed by a verbal periphrasis (perífrasis verbal), as in estoy leyendo ("I am reading"). However, one can also say sigo leyendo ("I am still reading"), voy leyendo ("I am slowly but surely reading"), ando leyendo ("I am going around reading"), and others.

The passive

"True" passive

The "true" passive is formed with ser + the past participle, which in this case behaves like a normal adjective. Thus:

• Yo soy amado = "I [masc.] am loved"
• Tú eras amada = "You [fem.] were being loved"
• Nosotros seremos amados = "We [masc.] will be loved"
• Ellas habrían sido amadas = "They [fem.] would have been loved"

The "true" passive is used in a variety of situations, but its use is somewhat more limited than that of its English counterpart.

Se passive

In the third person, reflexive constructions are often used to express ideas that could also be expressed in the passive. In such constructions, the recipient of the action is said to do the action to itself. Thus:

• Se habla español = "Spanish is spoken" (lit. "Spanish speaks itself")
• Se me dio el libro = "The book was given to me" (lit. "The book gave itself to me")
• Se perdieron los datos = "The data were lost" (lit. The data lost themselves")
• Se puede hacer [ello] = "It can be done" (lit. "It can do itself")

The se passive is very common in the third person, but equivalent constructions cannot be used for the first and second persons: Yo me amo always translates to "I love myself" and never "I am loved".

不规则动词

主条目：Spanish irregular verbs

A considerable number of verbs change the vowel e in the stem to the diphthong ie, and the vowel o to ue. 这种情况出现在动词词根的元音接受到了重音。These verbs are referred to as stem-changing verbs. 例子包括：pensar ("to think"; e.g., pienso ["I think"]), sentarse ("to sit"; e.g., me siento ["I sit"]), empezar ("to begin"; e.g., empiezo ["I begin"]), volver ("to return"; e.g., vuelvo ["I return"]), and acostarse ("to go to bed"; e.g., me acuesto ["I go to bed"]).

Virtually 所有第三变位的动词 (-ir)，如果在它们的词根中有-e-或-o-，竟由一个元音提升undergo a vowel-raising change whereby e changes to i and o changes to u, in some of their forms (for details, see Spanish irregular verbs). 例如：pedir ("to ask for"; e.g., pide ["he/she asks for"]), competir ("to compete"; e.g., compite ["he/she competes"]), and derretirse ("to melt"; e.g., se derrite ["it melts"]).

所谓的 I-go 动词，在第一人称单数现在时中，中间增加了一个 -g- （making the Yo ["I"] form end in -go; 例如：tener ["to have"] 变成 tengo ["I have"]; venir ["to come"] 变成 vengo ["I come"]）。这些动词经常在其他形式中也不规则。

Usage

Contrasting simple and continuous forms

西班牙语中的一般时和进行时形式，没有严格的区别。在英语中， "I do" 是一件事(a habit) 而 "I am doing" 是另一件事（当前活动）。在西班牙语中hago可以表达两个，而estoy haciendo 着重表达后一个。虽然不如英语严格，但是西班牙语要比法语和德语严格 which have no systematic distinction between the two concepts at all. This optionally continuous meaning that can be underlined by using the continuous form is a feature of the present and imperfect. The preterite never has this meaning, even in the continuous form, and the future has it only when it is in the continuous form.

一般时

• ¿Qué haces? 可以是 "What do you do?" 或是 "What are you doing?"
• ¿Qué estás haciendo? 只是 "What are you doing?"

未完成时

• ¿Qué hacías? 可以是 "What did you use to do?" 或是 "What were you doing?"
• ¿Qué estabas haciendo? 只是 "What were you doing?"

Preterite

• ¿Qué hiciste? is "What did you do?"
• ¿Qué estuviste haciendo? is "What were you doing (all of that time)?"

Note that since the preterite by nature refers to an event seen as having a beginning and an end, and not as a context, the use of the continuous form of the verb only adds a feeling for the length of time spent on the action. The future has two main forms in Spanish, the imperfect (compound) future and the simple one. The difference between them is one of aspect. The compound future is done with the conjugated ir (which means "to go," but may also mean "will" in this case) plus the infinitive and, sometimes, with a present progressive verb added as well.

将来时：

• ¿Qué vas a hacer? 是 "What are you going to do?" (implies that it will be done again, as in a routine)
• ¿Qué vas a estar haciendo? is "What are you going to be doing?" (does not necessarily imply that it will be done)
• ¿Qué harás? 是 "What will you do?" (will be completed immediately, or done just once)
• ¿Qué estarás haciendo? is "What will you be doing?"

现在时和将来时的对比

Both the present and the future can express future actions, the latter more explicitly so. There are also expressions that convey the future.

• Mi padre llega mañana = "My father arrives tomorrow" （out of context, llega 的意思可以同时是 "he is arriving now" 或 "he usually arrives"）
• Mi padre estará llegando mañana = "My father will be arriving tomorrow"
• Mi padre va a llegar mañana = "My father is going to arrive tomorrow" (future with ir)
• Mi padre llegará mañana = "My father will arrive tomorrow" （将来时）
• Mi padre está a punto de llegar = "My father is about to arrive" （立刻将来 estar a punto)

The future tense can also simply express 猜测大概的现在或是立刻将来：

• ¿Qué hora es? Serán las tres = "What time is it?" “大概三点。（但是我不缺认）”（"It is about three (but I have not checked)"）
• ¿Quién llama a la puerta? Será José = "Who is at the door? It must be José"

同样的情况也在未完成时和条件语上：

• ¿Qué hora era? Serían las tres = "What time was it?" "It was about three (but I had not checked)"
• ¿Quién llamaba a la puerta? Sería José = "Who was at the door? It must have been José"

Studies have shown that Spanish-speaking children learn this use of the future tense before they learn to use it to express future events (the English future with "will" can also sometimes be used with this meaning). The other constructions detailed above are used instead. Indeed, in some areas, such as Argentina and Uruguay, speakers hardly use the future tense to refer to the future.

The future tense of the subjunctive mood is also obsolete in practice. As of today, it is only found in legal documents and the like. In other contexts, the present subjunctive form always replaces it.

Contrasting the preterite and the imperfect

Fundamental meanings of the preterite and the imperfect

Spanish has two fundamental past tenses, the preterite and the imperfect. Strictly speaking, the difference between them is one of not tense but aspect, in a manner that is similar to that of the Slavic languages. However, within Spanish grammar, they are customarily called tenses.

The difference between the preterite and the imperfect (and in certain cases, the perfect) is often hard to grasp for English speakers. English has just one past-tense form, which can have aspect added to it by auxiliary verbs, but not in ways that reliably correspond to what occurs in Spanish. The distinction between them does, however, correspond rather well to the distinctions in other Romance languages, such as between the French imparfait and passé simple / passé composé or between the Italian imperfetto and passato remoto / passato prossimo.

The imperfect fundamentally presents an action or state as being a context and is thus essentially descriptive. It does not present actions or states as having ends and often does not present their beginnings either. Like the Slavic imperfective past, it tends to show actions that used to be done at some point, as in a routine. In this case, one would say Yo jugaba ("I used to play"), Yo leía ("I used to read"), or Yo escribía ("I used to write").

The preterite (as well as the perfect, when applicable) fundamentally presents an action or state as being an event, and is thus essentially narrative. It presents actions or states as having beginnings and ends. This also bears resemblance to the Slavic perfective past, as these actions are usually viewed as done in one stroke. The corresponding preterite forms would be Yo jugué ("I played"), Yo leí ("I read") or Yo escribí ("I wrote").

As stated above, deciding whether to use the preterite or the imperfect can present some difficulty for English speakers. But there are certain topics, words, and key phrases that can help one decide if the verb should be conjugated in the preterite or the imperfect. These expressions co-occur significantly more often with one or the other of the two tenses, corresponding to a completed action (preterite) or a repetitive action or a continuous action or state (imperfect) in the past.

Key words and phrases that tend to co-occur with the preterite tense:

• ayer ("yesterday")
• anteayer ("the day before yesterday")
• anoche ("last night")
• durante dos siglos ("for two centuries")
• por un rato ("for a while")
• el otro día ("the other day")

• entonces ("then")
• luego ("then"; "and then")
• esta mañana ("this morning")
• esta tarde ("this afternoon")
• la semana pasada ("last week")

• el mes pasado ("last month")
• el año pasado ("last year")
• hace dos días/años ("two days/years ago")
• de repente ("suddenly")
• en 1954, etc. (years)

• el 25 de enero, etc. (dates)
• durante ("during")
• muchas veces ("many times")
• dos/tres veces ("twice"/"three times")
• tantas veces ("so many times")

• varias veces ("several times")
• nunca ("never")
• tan pronto como ("as soon as")
• después de que ("after")
• desde que ("since")

E.g.: Esta mañana comí huevos y pan tostado ("This morning I ate eggs and toast")

Key words and phrases that tend to co-occur with the imperfect tense:

• a menudo ("often")
• a veces ("sometimes")
• cada día ("every day")
• cada semana ("every week")
• cada mes ("every month")
• cada año ("every year")
• con frecuencia ("frequently")
• de vez en cuando ("from time to time")

• en aquella época ("at that time")
• frecuentemente ("frequently")
• generalmente ("usually")
• todas las semanas ("every week")
• todos los días ("every day")
• todo el tiempo ("all the time")
• constantemente ("constantly")

• mientras ("while")
• regularmente ("regularly")
• por lo general ("generally")
• todavía ("still")
• ya ("already")
• Eran las tres, etc. ("It was three o'clock," etc.)
• Estaba nublado, etc. ("It was cloudy," etc.)

E.g.: Cada año mi familia iba a Puerto Rico. ("Each year my family went to Puerto Rico.")

Comparison with English usage

The English simple past can express either of these concepts. However, there are devices that allow us to be more specific. Consider, for example, the phrase "the sun shone" in the following contexts:

1. "The sun shone through his window; John knew that it was going to be a fine day."
2. "The sun was shining through his window; John knew that it was going to be a fine day."
3. "The sun shone through his window back in those days."
4. "The sun used to shine through his window back in those days."
5. "The sun shone through his window the moment that John pulled back the curtain."

In the first two, it is clear that the shining refers to the background to the events that are about to unfold in the story. It is talking about what was happening. We have a choice between making this explicit with the past continuous, as in (2), or using the simple past and allowing the context to make it clear what we mean, as in (1). In Spanish, these would be in the imperfect, optionally in the imperfect continuous.

In (3) and (4), it is clear that the shining refers to a regular, general, habitual event. It is talking about what used to happen. We have a choice between making this explicit with the expression "used to," as in (4), or using the simple past and allowing the context to make it clear what we mean, as in (3). In Spanish, these would be in the imperfect, optionally with the auxiliary verb soler.

In (5), only the simple past is possible. It is talking about a single event presented as occurring at a specific point in time (the moment John pulled back the curtain). The action starts and ends with this sentence. In Spanish, this would be in the preterite (or alternatively in the perfect, if the event has only just happened).

Further examples

• Cuando tenía quince años, me atropelló un coche = "When I was fifteen years old, a car ran over me"

The imperfect is used for "was" in Spanish because it forms the background to the specific event expressed by "was run over", which is in the preterite.

• Mientras cruzaba/estaba cruzando la calle, me atropelló un coche = "While I crossed/was crossing the road, a car ran over me"

In both languages, the continuous form for action in progress is optional, but Spanish requires the verb in either case to be in the imperfect, because it is the background to the specific event expressed by "was run over", in the preterite.

• Siempre tenía cuidado cuando cruzaba la calle = "I was always/always used to be careful when I crossed/used to cross the road"

The imperfect is used for both verbs since they refer to habits in the past. Either verb could optionally use the expression "used to" in English.

• Me bañé = "I took a bath"

The preterite is used if this refers to a single action or event—that is, the person took a bath last night.

• Me bañaba = "I took baths"

The imperfect is used if this refers to any sort of habitual action—that is, the person took a bath every morning. Optionally, solía bañarme can specifically express "I used to take baths".

• Tuvo una hija = "She had a daughter"

The preterite is used if this refers to an event—here, a birth.

• Tenía una hija = "She had a/one daughter"

The imperfect is used if this refers to the number of children by a certain point, as in "She had one daughter when I met her ten years ago; she may have more now". A description.

Note that when describing the life of someone who is now dead, the distinction between the two tenses blurs. One might describe the person's life saying tenía una hija, but tuvo una hija is very common because the person's whole life is viewed as a whole, with a beginning and an end. The same goes for vivía/vivió en... "he lived in...".

Perhaps the verb that English speakers find most difficult to translate properly is "to be" in the past tense ("was"). Apart from the choice between the verbs ser and estar (see below), it is often very hard for English speakers to distinguish between contextual and narrative uses.

• Alguien cogió mis CD. ¿Quién fue? = "Someone took my CDs. Who was it?"

Here the preterite is used because it is an event. A good clue is the tense in which cogió is.

• Había una persona que miraba los CD. ¿Quién era? = "There was a person who was looking at the CDs. Who was it?"

Here the imperfect is used because it is a description (the start and end of the action is not presented; it is something that was in progress at a certain time). Again, a good clue is the tense of the other verbs.

Contrasting the preterite and the perfect

The preterite and the perfect are distinguished in a similar way as the equivalent English tenses. Generally, whenever the present perfect ("I have done") is used in English, the perfect is also used in Spanish. In addition, there are cases in which English uses a simple past ("I did") but Spanish requires a perfect. In the remaining cases, both languages use a simple past.

As in English, the perfect expresses past actions that have some link to the present. The preterite expresses past actions as being past, complete and done with. In both languages, there are dialectal variations.

Frame of reference includes the present: perfect

If it is implicitly or explicitly communicated that the frame of reference for the event includes the present and the event or events may therefore continue occurring, then both languages strongly prefer the perfect.

With references including "this" including the present

• Este año me he ido de vacaciones dos veces = "This year I have gone on vacation twice"
• Esta semana ha sido muy interesante = "This week has been very interesting"

With other references to recent periods including the present

• No he hecho mucho hoy = "I have not done much today"
• No ha pasado nada hasta la fecha = "Nothing has happened to date"
• Hasta ahora no se me ha ocurrido = "Until now it has not occurred to me"

With reference to someone's life experience (his/her life not being over)

• ¿Alguna vez has estado en África? = "Have you ever been in Africa?"
• Mi vida no ha sido muy interesante = "My life has not been very interesting"
• Jamás he robado nada = "Never have I stolen anything"

Frame of reference superficially includes the present: perfect

Sometimes we say "today", "this year", and the like, but we mean to express these periods as finished. This requires the simple past in English. For example, in December we might speak of the year in the simple past because we are assuming that all of that year's important events have occurred and we can talk as though it were over. Other expressions—such as "this weekend," if today is Monday—refer to a period which is definitely over; the word "this" just distinguishes it from other weekends. There is a tendency in Spanish to use the perfect even for this type of time reference, even though the preterite is possible and seems more logical.

• Este fin de semana hemos ido al zoo = "This weekend we went to the zoo"
• Hoy he tenido una jornada muy aburrida = "Today I had a boring day's work"

Consequences continue into the present: perfect

As in English, the perfect is used when the consequences of which an event are referred.

• Alguien ha roto esta ventana = "Someone has broken this window" (the window is currently in a broken state)
• Nadie me ha dicho qué pasó aquel día = "Nobody has told me what happened that day" (therefore, I still do not know)

These same sentences in the preterite would purely refer to the past actions, without any implication that they have repercussions now.

In English, this type of perfect is not possible if a precise time frame is added or even implied. One cannot say "I have been born in 1978," because the date requires "I was born," despite the fact there is arguably a present consequence in the fact that the person is still alive. Spanish sporadically uses the perfect in these cases.

• He nacido en 1978 (usually Nací en 1978) = "I was born in 1978"
• Me he criado en Madrid (usually Me crié en Madrid) = "I grew up in Madrid"

The event itself continues into the present: perfect or present

If the event itself has been happening recently and is also happening right now or expected to continue happening soon, then the preterite is impossible in both languages. English requires the perfect, or better yet the perfect continuous. Spanish requires the perfect, or better yet the present simple:

• Últimamente ha llovido mucho / Últimamente llueve mucho = "It has rained / It has been raining a lot recently"

This is the only use of the perfect that is common in colloquial speech across Latin America.

Dialectal variation

In the Canary Islands and across Latin America, there is a colloquial tendency to replace most uses of the perfect with the preterite. This use varies according to region, register, and education.

• ¿Y vos alguna vez estuviste allá? = ¿Y tú alguna vez has estado allí? = "And have you ever been there?"

The one use of the perfect that does seem to be normal in Latin America is the perfect for actions that continue into the present (not just the time frame, but the action itself). Therefore, "I have read a lot in my life" and "I read a lot this morning" would both be expressed with leí instead of he leído, but "I have been reading" is expressed by he leído.

A less standard use of the perfect is found in Ecuador and Colombia. It is used with present or occasionally even future meaning. For example, Shakira Mebarak in her song "Ciega, Sordomuda" sings,

• Bruta, ciega, sordomuda, / torpe, traste, testaruda; / es todo lo que he sido = "Clumsy, blind, dumb, / blundering, useless, pig-headed; / that is all that I had been"

Contrasting the subjunctive and the imperative

The subjunctive mood expresses wishes and hypothetical events. It is often employed together with a conditional verb:

• Desearía que estuvieses aquí. = "I wish that you were here."
• Me alegraría mucho si volvieras mañana. = "I would be very glad if you came back tomorrow."

The imperative mood shows commands given to the hearer (the second person). There is no imperative form in the third person, so the subjunctive is used. The expression takes the form of a command or wish directed at the hearer, but referring to the third person. The difference between a command and a wish is subtle, mostly conveyed by the absence of a wishing verb:

• Que venga el gerente. = "Let the manager come.", "Have the manager come."
• Que se cierren las puertas. = "Let the doors be closed.", "Have the doors closed."

With a verb that expresses wishing, the above sentences become plain subjunctive instead of direct commands:

• Deseo que venga el gerente. = "I wish for the manager to come."
• Quiero que se cierren las puertas. = "I want the doors (to be) closed."

Contrasting the present and the future subjunctive

The future tense of the subjunctive is found mostly in old literature or legalese and is even misused in conversation by confusing it with the past tense (often due to the similarity of its characteristic suffix, -ere, as opposed to the suffixes of the past tense, -era and -ese). Many Spanish speakers live their lives without ever knowing about or realizing the existence of the future subjunctive.

It survives in the common expression sea lo que fuere and the proverb allá donde fueres, haz lo que vieres (allá donde can be replaced by a la tierra donde or si a Roma).

The proverb illustrates how it used to be used:

• With si referring to the future, as in si a Roma fueres.... This is now expressed with the present indicative: si vas a Roma... or si fueras a Roma...
• With cuando, donde, and the like, referring to the future, as in allá donde fueres.... This is now expressed with the present subjunctive: vayas adonde vayas...

Contrasting the preterite and the past anterior

The past anterior is rare nowadays and restricted to formal use. It expresses a very fine nuance: the fact that an action occurs just after another (had) occurred, with words such as cuando, nada más, and en cuanto ("when", "no sooner", "as soon as"). In English, we are forced to use either the simple past or the past perfect; Spanish has something specific between the two.

• En cuanto el delincuente hubo salido del cuarto, la víctima se echó a llorar = "As soon as the criminal (had) left the room, the victim burst into tears"

The use of hubo salido shows that the second action happened immediately after the first. Salió might imply that it happened at the same time, and había salido might imply it happened some time after.

However, colloquial Spanish has lost this tense and the corresponding nuance, and the preterite must be used instead in all but the most formal of writing.

Contrasting ser and estar

主条目：Romance copula

The differences between ser and estar are considered one of the most difficult concepts for non-native speakers. Both ser and estar translate into English as "to be", but they have different uses, depending on whether they are used with nouns, with adjectives, with past participles (more precisely, passive participles), or to express location.

Only ser is used to equate one noun phrase with another, and thus it is the verb for expressing a person's occupation ("Mi hermano es estudiante"/"My brother is a student"). For the same reason, ser is used for telling the date or the time, regardless of whether the subject is explicit ("Hoy es miércoles"/"Today is Wednesday") or merely implied ("Son las ocho"/"It's eight o'clock").

When these verbs are used with adjectives, the difference between them may be generalized by saying that ser expresses nature and estar expresses state. Frequently—although not always—adjectives used with ser express a permanent quality, while their use with estar expresses a temporary situation. There are exceptions to the generalization; for example, the sentence "Tu mamá está loca" ("Your mother is crazy") can express either a temporary or a permanent state of craziness.

Ser generally focuses on the essence of the subject, and specifically on qualities that include:

1. Nationality
2. Possession
3. Physical and personality traits
4. Material
5. Origin

Estar generally focuses on the condition of the subject, and specifically on qualities that include:

1. Physical condition
2. Feelings, emotions, and states of mind
3. Appearance

In English, the sentence "The boy is boring" uses a different adjective than "The boy is bored". In Spanish, the difference is made by the choice of ser or estar.

• El chico es aburrido uses ser to express a permanent trait ("The boy is boring").
• El chico está aburrido uses estar to express a temporary state of mind ("The boy is bored").

The same strategy is used with many adjectives to express either an inherent trait (ser) or a transitory state or condition (estar). For example:

• "María es guapa" uses ser to express an essential trait, meaning "María is a good-looking person."
• "María está guapa" uses estar to express a momentary impression: "María looks beautiful" (a comment on her present appearance, without any implication about her inherent characteristics).

When ser is used with the past participle of a verb, it forms the "true" passive voice, expressing an event ("El libro fue escrito en 2005"/"The book was written in 2005"). When the past participle appears with estar, it forms a "passive of result" or "stative passive" ("El libro ya está escrito"/"The book is already written"—see Spanish conjugation).

Location of a person or thing is expressed with estar—regardless of whether temporary or permanent ("El hotel está en la esquina"/"The hotel is on the corner"). Location of an event is expressed with ser ("La reunión es en el hotel"/"The meeting is [takes place] in the hotel").

Contrasting haber and tener

The verbs haber and tener are easily distinguished, but they may pose a problem for learners of Spanish who speak other Romance languages (where the cognates of haber and tener are used differently), for English speakers (where "have" is used as a verb and as an auxiliary), and others. Haber derives from Latin habeō,; with the basic meaning of "to have". Tener derives from Latin teneō, with the basic meaning of "to hold", "to keep". As habeō began to degrade and become reduced to just ambiguous monosyllables in the present tense, the Iberian Romance languages (Spanish, Gallician-Portuguese, and Catalan) restricted its use and started to use teneō as the ordinary verb expressing having and possession. French instead reinforced habeō with obligatory subject pronouns.

Haber: expressing existence

Haber is used as an impersonal verb to show existence of an object or objects, which is generally expressed as an indefinite noun phrase. In English, this corresponds to the use of "there" + the corresponding inflected form of "to be". When used in this sense, haber has a special present-tense form: hay instead of ha. The y is a fossilized form of the mediaeval Castilian pronoun y or i, meaning "there", which is cognate with French y and Catalan hi, and comes from Latin ibi.

Unlike in English, the thing that "is there" is not the subject of the sentence, and therefore there is no agreement between it and the verb. This echoes the constructions seen in languages such as French (il y a = "it there has"), Catalan (hi ha = "[it] there has"), and even Chinese (有 yǒu = "[it] has").

• Hay un gato en el jardín. = "There is a cat in the garden."
• En el baúl hay fotografías viejas. = "In the trunk there are old photographs."

It is possible, in cases of certain emphasis, to put the verb after the object:

• ¿Revistas hay? = "Are there any magazines?"

There is a tendency to make haber agree with what follows, as though it were the subject, particularly in tenses other than the present indicative. There is heavier stigma on inventing plural forms for hay, but hain, han, and suchlike are sometimes encountered in non-standard speech. The form habemos is common (meaning "there are, including me"); it very rarely replaces hemos to form the present perfect tense in modern language, and in certain contexts it is even acceptable in formal or literary language.

• Había un hombre en la casa. = "There was a man in the house."
• Había unos hombres en la casa. = "There were some men in the house" (standard)
• Habían unos hombres en la casa. = "There were some men in the house" (non-standard)
• En esta casa habemos cinco personas. = "In this house there are five of us" (non-standard)
• Nos las habemos con un gran jugador. = "We are confronting a great player" (standard)

Haber as an existence verb is never used in other than the third person. To express existence of a first or second person, the verb estar ("to be [located/present]") or existir ("to exist") is used, and there is subject–verb agreement.

Haber: impersonal obligation

The phrase haber que (in the third person singular and followed by a subordinated construction with the verb in the infinitive) carries the meaning of necessity or obligation without specifying an agent. It is translatable as "it is necessary", but a paraphrase is generally preferable in translation. Note that the present-tense form is hay.

• Hay que abrir esa puerta. = "That door needs opening", "We have to open that door".
• Habrá que abrir esa puerta. = "That door will need opening", "We are going to have to open that door".
• Aunque haya que abrir esa puerta. = "Even if that door needs to be opened".

This construction is comparable to French il faut and Catalan cal. Hay que always goes with the infinitive.

Haber: personal obligation

A separate construction is haber de + infinitive. It is not impersonal. It tends to express a certain nuance of obligation and a certain nuance of future tense, much like the expression "to be to". It is also often used similarly to tener que and deber ("must", "ought to"). Note that the third personal singular of the present tense is ha.

• Mañana he de dar una charla ante la Universidad = "Tomorrow I am to give a speech before the University".
• Ha de comer más verduras = "She/he ought to eat more vegetables".

Haber: forming the perfect

Haber is also used as an auxiliary to form the perfect, as shown elsewhere. Spanish uses only haber for this, unlike French and Italian, which use the corresponding cognates of haber for most verbs, but cognates of ser ("to be") for certain others.

• Ella se ha ido al mercado = "She has gone to the market"
• Ellas se han ido de paseo = "They have gone on a walk"
• ¿Habéis fregado los platos? = "Have you (all) done the washing-up?"

Tener

Tener is a verb with the basic meaning of "to have", in its essential sense of "to possess", "to hold", "to own". As in English, it can also express obligation (tener que + infinitive). It also appears in a number of phrases that show emotion or physical states, expressed by nouns, which in English tend to be expressed by "to be" and an adjective.

• Mi hijo tiene una casa nueva = "My son has a new house"
• Tenemos que hablar = "We have to talk"
• Tengo hambre = "I am hungry" (lit. "I have hunger")

There are numerous phrases like tener hambre that are not literally translated in English, such as:

• tener hambre = "to be hungry"; "to have hunger"
• tener sed = "to be thirsty"; "to have thirst"
• tener cuidado = "to be careful"; "to have caution"
• tener __ años = "to be __ years old"; "to have __ years"
• tener celos = "to be jealous"; "to have jealousy"
• tener éxito = "to be successful"; "to have success"
• tener vergüenza = "to be ashamed"; "to have shame"

Note: Estar hambriento is a literal translation of "To be hungry", but it is rarely used in Spanish nowadays.

Negation

Verbs are negated by putting no before the verb. Other negative words can either replace this no or occur after the verb:

• Hablo español = "I speak Spanish"
• No hablo español = "I do not speak Spanish"
• Nunca hablo español = "I never speak Spanish"
• No hablo nunca español = "I do not ever speak Spanish"

Expressing movement

Spanish verbs describing motion tend to emphasize direction instead of manner of motion. According to the pertinent classification, this makes Spanish a verb-framed language. This contrasts with English, where verbs tend to emphasize manner, and the direction of motion is left to helper particles, prepositions, or adverbs.

• "We drove away" = Nos fuimos en coche (lit. "We went (away) by car")
• "He swam to Ibiza" = Fue a Ibiza nadando (lit. "He went to Ibiza swimming")
• "They ran off" = Huyeron corriendo (lit. "They fled running")
• "She crawled in" = Entró a gatas (lit. "She entered on all fours")

Quite often, the important thing is the direction, not the manner. Therefore, although "we drove away" translates into Spanish as nos fuimos en coche, it is often better to translate it as just nos fuimos. For example:

La llevé al aeropuerto en coche, pero se le había olvidado el tiquete, así que fuimos a casa [en coche] por él, luego volvimos [en coche] hacia el aeropuerto, pero luego tuvimos que volver [en coche] por el pasaporte, y ya era imposible que consiguiésemos facturar el equipaje... = "I drove her to the airport, but she had forgotten her ticket, so we drove home to get it, then drove back towards the airport, but then had to drive back home for her passport, by which time there was zero chance of checking in..."

Verbal nouns

Spanish verbal nouns (e.g. "running", "coming", "thinking" in English) are identical in form to the infinitive of the verb from which they are derived, and their gender is masculine. They are generally used with the definite article, and enclitic pronouns attach to them as they would a normal infinitive. Thus:

• el comer = "eating"
• el correr = "running"
• el no esperar = "not waiting"
• el darte un libro = "giving you a book"
• el guardártelos = "saving them for you"

See also

• Spanish conjugation
• List of Spanish irregular participles
• Wikiversity Spanish verb database (under construction)