必异规则
必异规则(Obligatory Contour Principle;简称:OCP、硬性语音结构原则、必要起伏原则、无双原则、强制性非同值原则、强制曲拱制约条件)是一种语音假说,指出(某些)连续相同的显著特点(distinctive feature)都被禁止出现在底层表述上。
背景考虑
编辑在音韵学一种很普遍的观念即是没有词素允许包含两个连续的声调。如果两个连续的高声调在一个语素上出现,那么有些规则必须应用上去。(Odden1986) 也许表层高元音之一是"底层高调",而另一个是"底层无调"(underlyingly toneless)。因为所有元音在表层必须有声调(在这假设性的语言里),然后一个元音的高声调扩散到其他地方(请参见:自动段音韵学)。另外,由于一些规则的应用、一个元音(或两个)可能已经开始有了低声调、且变为高声调;或者有低声调介于两个高音调之间、而这些高声调在某些时候又被删除。无论如何,在语素的词汇条目上、必异规则认为在底层的词素不能存有两个连续的高音调(或两个连续的低声调等)。
历史
编辑必异规则的"最有权威性的章节"(locus classicus)Leben (1973)上论说关于底层表述是基于"排除相同声调序列"进而构成"约束词性的词素结构"。在"自动段音韵学"(Goldsmith 1976)上明白的概念阐述是介于"特色旋律"(featural melody)和"骨干单元"(skeletal unit)(即CV音韵学,参见<McCarthy 1979, McCarthy 1981, Steriade 1982, Clements & Keyser 1983>)、"音节长度音韵学"(moraic phonology、<Hyman 1985, Hayes 1989>)之间的关联,因此必异规则被认为是相关于"相邻的单向炼旋律"(adjacent singly linked melody)、而不是"双向炼旋律"(doubly linked melody)。
参考文献
编辑- Alderete, John, Dissimilation as local conjunction, K. Kusumoto (编), Proceedings of North East Linguistic Society 27 (PDF), Amherst: Graduate Linguistic Student Association: 17–31, 1997 [2014-03-01], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-01-20).
- Clements, George N; Keyser, S. J., CV Phonology, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983.
- Goldsmith, John, Autosegmental Phonology, 1976. PhD dissertation, MIT.
- Hayes, Bruce, Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology, Linguistic Inquiry, 1989, 20: 253–306. Scanned 2MB (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Searchable 5MB (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Hyman, Larry M., A theory of phonological weight, Dordrecht: Foris, 1985
- Leben, William, Suprasegmental Phonology, 1973. PhD dissertation, MIT. Distributed by Indiana University Linguistics Club.
- McCarthy, John J, Formal problems in Semitic phonology and morphology (PDF), 1979, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-08-30). PhD dissertation, MIT.
- McCarthy, John J, A prosodic theory of non-concatenative morphology (PDF), Linguistic Inquiry, 1981, 12: 373–418, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-04).
- McCarthy, John J, OCP effects: Gemination and antigemination (PDF), Linguistic Inquiry, 1986, 17: 207–263, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-04).
- Odden, David, On the role of the Obligatory Contour Principle in phonological theory, Language, 1986, 62: 353–383.
- Odden, David, Anti anti-gemination and the OCP, Linguistic Inquiry, 1988, 19: 451–475.
- Prince, Alan; Smolensky, Paul, Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar (PDF), Malden, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2004 [2014-03-01], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-07).
- Steriade, Donca, Greek prosodies and the nature of syllabification, 1982. PhD dissertation, MIT.
- Yip, Moira, The Obligatory Contour Principle and phonological rules: a loss of identity, Linguistic Inquiry, 1988: 65–100.