西芒托学院
西芒托学院（Accademia del Cimento）是一个早期的科学团体，由伽利略的学生乔瓦尼·阿方索·博雷利与温琴佐·维维亚尼于1657年在佛罗伦萨创立，并获得了托斯卡纳大公斐迪南二世·德·美第奇与其弟莱奥波尔多·德·美第奇的资助。学院前后共存在十余年，是历史上最早的科学团体之一。
西芒托学院十分强调实验，其座右铭即为“尝试再尝试”（Provando e riprovando）。学院在科学实验的早期发展过程中发挥了重要作用。学院成员尝试使实验过程标准化，并利用各种仪器进行科学探索。
参考文献
编辑- Baldwin, Martha. Isis. Sep 1995, 86 (3): 394–418. doi:10.1086/357237.
- Boschiero, Luciano. Experiment and Natural Philosophy in Seventeenth-Century Tuscany: The History of the Accademia del Cimento. Springer. 2007. ISBN 0-85115-594-4.
- Bruno, Leonard, C. The Landmarks of Science. The Collections of the Library of Congress. 1989. ISBN 0-8160-2137-6.
- Feingold, Mordechai. Marco Beretta , 编. The Accademia del Cimento and its European context. Watson Publishing. 2009. ISBN 0-88135-387-6.
- Henry, John. The Scientific Revolution and the Origins of Modern Science, 3d Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. 2008. ISBN 0-230-57438-6.
- Hunter, Michael. Science and the Shape of Orthodoxy: Intellectual Change in Late Seventeenth-Century Britain. Boydell Press. 1995. ISBN 0-85115-594-4.
- Iliffe, Rob. Marco Beretta , 编. The Accademia del Cimento and its European context. Watson Publishing. 2009. ISBN 0-88135-387-6.
- Meli, Domenico Bertoloni. Marco Beretta , 编. The Accademia del Cimento and its European context. Watson Publishing. 2009. ISBN 0-88135-387-6.
- Middleton, W.E. Knowles. The Experimenters: A Study of The Accademia del Cimento. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press. 1971. ISBN 0-8018-1250-X.
- Ornstein, Martha. The rôle of scientific societies in the seventeenth century. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 1913.
- Strano, Giorgio. Marco Beretta , 编. The Accademia del Cimento and its European context. Watson Publishing. 2009. ISBN 0-88135-387-6.