达萨 (梵语)

达萨（梵语： दास dāsa），在印度古文集《梨俱吠陀》和考底利耶的《政事论》中，^[1]意指雅利安人之敌。^[2]这个词后来有其他含义，如“仆人”或“奴隶”或宗教意义上的“神仆”、“臣服于神的人”、“发愿起誓”或“奉献”，devadasa。

种族诠释

在《梨俱吠陀》中Dasa、Dasyu和类似的词语（比如Pani）有时与词语krsna或asikni（“黑色”）联合出现，这经常用作对吠陀经典做出种族诠释的基础。达萨人被描述成扁鼻、无鼻、黑皮肤，可被认为是印度原居民。

达萨的宗教

他们崇拜龙与阳具（林伽），梨俱吠陀有因陀罗用金刚打败他们的龙（弗栗多）的记载。他们后来成为婆罗门教的首陀罗。

后期吠陀用法

坦米尔语中，tontai、达萨、仆人或奴隶一般指得都是毗湿奴或黑天的敬虔奉献者。^[3]

而在高迪亚毗湿奴派（英语：Gaudiya Vaishnava）神学体系的叙述dāsa-bhūto harer eva nānyasvaiva kadācana中，bhuto（生灵）永远服务（dasa）于至尊主（Hari（英语：Hari））。^[4]因此，svayam bhagavan（英语：svayam bhagavan） Krishna（黑天主神）的毗湿奴派信众指得就是Hari Dasa称号中的dasa。^[5]

延伸阅读

Bhagavan Shri Shanmukha Anantha Natha and Shri Ma Kristina Baird for the correct, nonracial meaning of the terms Dasyus and Asuras in their work "Divine Initiation"（ISBN 0-9582324-0-7）by Shri Kali Publications
Ambedkar, B.R.（1946）Who were the Shudras?
Aurobindo, Sri. 1971. The Secret of the Veda. Pondicherry: Shri Aurobindo Ashram.
Bryant, Edwin（英语：Edwin Bryant (author)）: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. 2001. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9
J. Bronkhorst and M.M. Deshpande. 1999. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Elst, Koenraad（英语：Koenraad Elst） Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate. 1999. ISBN 81-86471-77-4
Frawley, David（英语：David Frawley） The Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India, 1995. New Delhi: Voice of India; In Search of the Cradle of Civilization, Chapter 6
Hock, Hans. 1999b, Through a Glass Darkly: Modern "Racial" Interpretations vs. Textual and General Prehistoric Evidence on Arya and Dasa/Dasyu in Vedic Indo-Aryan Society." in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia.
Iyengar, Srinivas. 1914. "Did the Dravidians of India Obtain Their Culture from Aran Immigrant [sic]." Anthropos 1-15.
Macdonell, A.A. and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
Parpola, Asko: 1988, The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the Cultural and Ethnic Identity of the Dasas; The problem of the Aryans and the Soma.
Rg Veda 1854-57. Rig-Veda Samhita. tr. H.H. Wilson. London: H.Allen and Co.
Schetelich, Maria. 1990, "The problem ot the "Dark Skin"（Krsna Tvac）in the Rgveda." Visva Bharati Annals 3:244-249.
Sethna, K.D.（英语：K. D. Sethna） 1992. The Problem of Aryan Origins. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
Talageri, Shrikant G. 2000. The Rig Veda - A historical analysis.
Trautmann, Thomas R. 1997, Aryans and British India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Witzel, Michael. 1995b, 325, fn, "Rgvedic History" in The Indo-Aryans of South Asia.

^ R.P. Kangle (1960), The Kautiliya Arthasastra - a critical edition, Vol. 2 and 3, University of Bombay Studies, ISBN 978-8120800427
^ 引用错误：没有为名为bw的参考文献提供内容
^ Steven P. Hopkins. 妝點華美珠寶的飾品：獻給主神的愛情詩. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2007: 160. ISBN 0-19-532639-3.
^ Bhaktivedanta Swami（英语：Bhaktivedanta Swami）, A. C.（1972）. The 薄伽梵歌如其所是（英语：Bhagavad-gita As It Is）, second edition. New York: Macmillan.
^ Talbot, Cynthia. 印度前殖民時期的實況：中世紀安得拉邦的社會、宗教和風貌. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-19-513661-6.

[kangle-1] R.P. Kangle (1960), The Kautiliya Arthasastra - a critical edition, Vol. 2 and 3, University of Bombay Studies, ISBN 978-8120800427

[bw-2] 引用错误：没有为名为bw的参考文献提供内容

[isbn0-19-532639-3-3] Steven P. Hopkins. 妝點華美珠寶的飾品：獻給主神的愛情詩. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2007: 160. ISBN 0-19-532639-3.

[4] Bhaktivedanta Swami（英语：Bhaktivedanta Swami）, A. C.（1972）. The 薄伽梵歌如其所是（英语：Bhagavad-gita As It Is）, second edition. New York: Macmillan.

[Cynt01-5] Talbot, Cynthia. 印度前殖民時期的實況：中世紀安得拉邦的社會、宗教和風貌. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-19-513661-6.

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