動態對等及形式對等

動態對等和形式對等是由尤金·奈達創造的術語，是指兩種不同的翻譯方法，用來在原文和譯文之間達到不同的直譯程度，如聖經翻譯中所示的。

基本上，動態對等是意譯（翻譯短語或整個句子的意思），以可讀性而目標；形式對等是直譯（直接翻譯短語和單詞的意思），保持字詞的保真度（英語：fidelity）。

翻譯方法

形式對等法傾向於強調對原本語言的詞語細節和語法結構的保真度，而動態對等法往往使用更自然的表達方式，但是詞彙準確度較低。

根據尤金·奈達，當初他創造「動態對等」時，他將其定義為「當一個翻譯，其中原本語言的信息被轉移到目標語言，使得目標語言的意思基本上與原本語言一樣時，它就運用了動態對等。」^[1]目標是兩者語言的讀者可以以相似的形式理解文本的意思。

晚年，奈達避免使用「動態對等」這個詞，更願意使用「功能對等」。^[2]^[3]^[4]「功能對等」的含義是，對等性不只是在原文化的原文和目標文化的目標文本（譯文）之間的功能，但是那個「功能」可以視作文本的一個性質。功能對等可以與人民在文化中的互動方式有聯繫。

近年來，一個新的翻譯方法出現，它由真聖經翻譯（Real Bible Translation，RBT）運用。它採用逆形式對等法，可以被認為是以英語作為「原文」，以古希伯來語的詞彙規律和語素作為「目標語言」，目標是使現代的讀者沉浸於古代的思考模式。

聖經翻譯

聖經翻譯採用了各種方法將原文翻譯成英文，從極端的形式對等到極端的動態對等。 ^[5]

主要運用形式對等

欽定版聖經（1611年）
楊氏直譯本（1862年）
英語修訂版聖經（1885年）
新美國標準版聖經（1971年）
正教研習本聖經（1993年）
聖經恢復本（1999年）

適度運用形式對等和動態對等（最優對等）

聖經新世界譯本（1961年，1984年修訂，2013年） ^[6]

主要運用動態對等或重述，或兩者

新國際版聖經（1978年）
新耶路撒冷聖經（1985年）
新生活版英文翻譯本聖經（1996年）
NET聖經（2005年）

參見

參考文獻

^ Nida, Eugene A., and Charles R. Taber. (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation, With Special Reference to Bible Translating, 200. Leiden: Brill.
^ Let the words be written: the lasting influence of Eugene A. Nida p. 51 Philip C. Stine – 2004 "That probably would not have happened if it hadn't been for Nida's ideas" (Charles Taber, interview with author, 21 Oct. 2000).7 Nida later felt that the term "dynamic equivalence" had been misunderstood and was partly responsible for
^ Translation and religion: holy untranslatable? p91 Lynne Long – 2005 "In order to avoid certain misunderstandings, de Waard and Nida (1986: 7, 36) later replaced the term 'dynamic equivalence' with 'functional equivalence', but they stated clearly that 'The substitution of "functional equivalence"' is not..."
^ The History of the Reina-Valera 1960 Spanish Bible p98 Calvin George – 2004 "190 For this reason in his later writings he distanced himself from the term 'dynamic equivalence,' preferring instead 'functional equivalence.' 191 The idea is to produce the closest natural equivalent in the target or 188 190 Nida, ..."
^ Data collected from two sources that have nearly identical ranking with an overlapping (supplemental) list of translations studied: 1. Thomas, Robert L., Bible Translations: The Link Between Exegesis and Expository Preaching, pages 63ff （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）; and 2. Clontz, T.E. and Clontz, J., The Comprehensive New Testament, page iii.
^ Principles of Bible Translation from Hebrew and Greek | NWT. JW.ORG. [2017-09-04]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-10）（英語）.

[1] Nida, Eugene A., and Charles R. Taber. (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation, With Special Reference to Bible Translating, 200. Leiden: Brill.

[2] Let the words be written: the lasting influence of Eugene A. Nida p. 51 Philip C. Stine – 2004 "That probably would not have happened if it hadn't been for Nida's ideas" (Charles Taber, interview with author, 21 Oct. 2000).7 Nida later felt that the term "dynamic equivalence" had been misunderstood and was partly responsible for

[3] Translation and religion: holy untranslatable? p91 Lynne Long – 2005 "In order to avoid certain misunderstandings, de Waard and Nida (1986: 7, 36) later replaced the term 'dynamic equivalence' with 'functional equivalence', but they stated clearly that 'The substitution of "functional equivalence"' is not..."

[4] The History of the Reina-Valera 1960 Spanish Bible p98 Calvin George – 2004 "190 For this reason in his later writings he distanced himself from the term 'dynamic equivalence,' preferring instead 'functional equivalence.' 191 The idea is to produce the closest natural equivalent in the target or 188 190 Nida, ..."

[5] Data collected from two sources that have nearly identical ranking with an overlapping (supplemental) list of translations studied: 1. Thomas, Robert L., Bible Translations: The Link Between Exegesis and Expository Preaching, pages 63ff （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）; and 2. Clontz, T.E. and Clontz, J., The Comprehensive New Testament, page iii.

[6] Principles of Bible Translation from Hebrew and Greek | NWT. JW.ORG. [2017-09-04]. （原始內容存檔於2018-01-10）（英語）.

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