抗血清

抗血清（Antiserum）是含有單株或多株抗體的人類或非人類血清；注到生物體後，可以產生被動免疫。例如目前已知唯一有效的埃博拉出血熱治療法，就是從倖存者中取得抗血清（恢復期血清，convalescent serum），再將抗血清輸到其他人體內（但成功率很低）^[1]。

抗血清常用在診斷病毒學的實驗室中。抗血清若用在人類身上，常當作抗毒素（英語：antitoxin）或是治療蛇毒（英語：envenomation）的抗蛇毒血清。

歷史

現代應用

在2019冠狀病毒病的早期階段，還沒有找到可靠的治療方案。對此，恢復期血清被認為是一種可能的，至少在嚴重的情況下已經被用作一種治療方案。^[2] ^[3]^[4]

運作原理

抗血清中的抗體會和抗原或是傳染媒介結合^[5]。免疫系統會識別和抗體結合的外來物質，觸發更強烈的免疫反應。抗血清多半會用在致病原的強度界於一定程度之間的情形：抗血清可以躲避尚未活化的免疫系統，但只要免疫系統活化，致病原就無法躲避。因此是否有抗體要看一開始的「幸運倖存者」其免疫系統是否有辦法產生抗體，或是看是否有攜帶致病體但不會受其症狀影響的「宿主物種」^[6]。後續的抗血清可以從初始的抗血清提供者產生，或是從曾被感染，但之後因為抗血清而治癒的動物器官來產生。像稀釋的蛇毒常常是蛇本身的抗血清，在蛇咬到自己時可以產生被動免疫^[7]^[8]。

參考資料

^ Mupapa, K; Massamba, M; Kibadi, K; Kuvula, K; Bwaka, A; Kipasa, M; Colebunders, R; Muyembe-Tamfum, JJ. Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever with Blood Transfusions from Convalescent Patients (suppl 1). The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999,. 179 Suppl 1 (Volume 179): S18–S23 [6 August 2014]. PMID 9988160. doi:10.1086/514298. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-08）.
^ 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-17）.
^ 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-07）.
^ 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-23）.
^ de Andrade, Fábio Goulart, et al. "The Production And Characterization Of Anti-Bothropic And Anti-Crotalic Igy Antibodies In Laying Hens: A Long Term Experiment." Toxicon 66.(2013): 18-24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.
^ Mortimer, Nathan T., et al. "Parasitoid Wasp Venom SERCA Regulates Drosophila Calcium Levels And Inhibits Cellular Immunity." Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 110.23 (n.d.): 9427-9432. Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.
^ O'Leary, M.A., K. Maduwage, and G.K. Isbister. "Use Of Immunoturbidimetry To Detect Venom–Antivenom Binding Using Snake Venoms." Journal Of Pharmacological & Toxicological Methods 67.3 (2013): 177-181. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.
^ Vogel, Carl-Wilhelm, Paul W. Finnegan, and David C. Fritzinger. "Humanized Cobra Venom Factor: Structure, Activity, And Therapeutic Efficacy In Preclinical Disease Models." Molecular Immunology 61.2 (2014): 191-203. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

外部連結

醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：Antisera

[1] Mupapa, K; Massamba, M; Kibadi, K; Kuvula, K; Bwaka, A; Kipasa, M; Colebunders, R; Muyembe-Tamfum, JJ. Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever with Blood Transfusions from Convalescent Patients (suppl 1). The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999,. 179 Suppl 1 (Volume 179): S18–S23 [6 August 2014]. PMID 9988160. doi:10.1086/514298. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-08）.

[2] 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-17）.

[3] 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-07）.

[4] 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-23）.

[5] Andrade, Fábio Goulart, et al. "The Production And Characterization Of Anti-Bothropic And Anti-Crotalic Igy Antibodies In Laying Hens: A Long Term Experiment." Toxicon 66.(2013): 18-24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

[6] Mortimer, Nathan T., et al. "Parasitoid Wasp Venom SERCA Regulates Drosophila Calcium Levels And Inhibits Cellular Immunity." Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 110.23 (n.d.): 9427-9432. Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

[7] O'Leary, M.A., K. Maduwage, and G.K. Isbister. "Use Of Immunoturbidimetry To Detect Venom–Antivenom Binding Using Snake Venoms." Journal Of Pharmacological & Toxicological Methods 67.3 (2013): 177-181. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

[8] Vogel, Carl-Wilhelm, Paul W. Finnegan, and David C. Fritzinger. "Humanized Cobra Venom Factor: Structure, Activity, And Therapeutic Efficacy In Preclinical Disease Models." Molecular Immunology 61.2 (2014): 191-203. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

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