抗血清

抗血清（Antiserum）是含有单株或多株抗体的人类或非人类血清；注到生物体后，可以产生被动免疫。例如目前已知唯一有效的埃博拉出血热治疗法，就是从幸存者中取得抗血清（恢复期血清，convalescent serum），再将抗血清输到其他人体内（但成功率很低）^[1]。

抗血清常用在诊断病毒学的实验室中。抗血清若用在人类身上，常当作抗毒素（英语：antitoxin）或是治疗蛇毒（英语：envenomation）的抗蛇毒血清。

历史

现代应用

在2019冠状病毒病的早期阶段，还没有找到可靠的治疗方案。对此，恢复期血清被认为是一种可能的，至少在严重的情况下已经被用作一种治疗方案。^[2] ^[3]^[4]

运作原理

抗血清中的抗体会和抗原或是传染媒介结合^[5]。免疫系统会识别和抗体结合的外来物质，触发更强烈的免疫反应。抗血清多半会用在致病原的强度界于一定程度之间的情形：抗血清可以躲避尚未活化的免疫系统，但只要免疫系统活化，致病原就无法躲避。因此是否有抗体要看一开始的“幸运幸存者”其免疫系统是否有办法产生抗体，或是看是否有携带致病体但不会受其症状影响的“宿主物种”^[6]。后续的抗血清可以从初始的抗血清提供者产生，或是从曾被感染，但之后因为抗血清而治愈的动物器官来产生。像稀释的蛇毒常常是蛇本身的抗血清，在蛇咬到自己时可以产生被动免疫^[7]^[8]。

参考资料

^ Mupapa, K; Massamba, M; Kibadi, K; Kuvula, K; Bwaka, A; Kipasa, M; Colebunders, R; Muyembe-Tamfum, JJ. Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever with Blood Transfusions from Convalescent Patients (suppl 1). The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999,. 179 Suppl 1 (Volume 179): S18–S23 [6 August 2014]. PMID 9988160. doi:10.1086/514298. （原始内容存档于2020-05-08）.
^ 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-17）.
^ 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-07）.
^ 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-23）.
^ de Andrade, Fábio Goulart, et al. "The Production And Characterization Of Anti-Bothropic And Anti-Crotalic Igy Antibodies In Laying Hens: A Long Term Experiment." Toxicon 66.(2013): 18-24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.
^ Mortimer, Nathan T., et al. "Parasitoid Wasp Venom SERCA Regulates Drosophila Calcium Levels And Inhibits Cellular Immunity." Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 110.23 (n.d.): 9427-9432. Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.
^ O'Leary, M.A., K. Maduwage, and G.K. Isbister. "Use Of Immunoturbidimetry To Detect Venom–Antivenom Binding Using Snake Venoms." Journal Of Pharmacological & Toxicological Methods 67.3 (2013): 177-181. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.
^ Vogel, Carl-Wilhelm, Paul W. Finnegan, and David C. Fritzinger. "Humanized Cobra Venom Factor: Structure, Activity, And Therapeutic Efficacy In Preclinical Disease Models." Molecular Immunology 61.2 (2014): 191-203. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

外部链接

医学主题词表（MeSH）：Antisera

[1] Mupapa, K; Massamba, M; Kibadi, K; Kuvula, K; Bwaka, A; Kipasa, M; Colebunders, R; Muyembe-Tamfum, JJ. Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever with Blood Transfusions from Convalescent Patients (suppl 1). The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999,. 179 Suppl 1 (Volume 179): S18–S23 [6 August 2014]. PMID 9988160. doi:10.1086/514298. （原始内容存档于2020-05-08）.

[2] 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-17）.

[3] 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-07）.

[4] 存档副本. [2020-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-23）.

[5] Andrade, Fábio Goulart, et al. "The Production And Characterization Of Anti-Bothropic And Anti-Crotalic Igy Antibodies In Laying Hens: A Long Term Experiment." Toxicon 66.(2013): 18-24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

[6] Mortimer, Nathan T., et al. "Parasitoid Wasp Venom SERCA Regulates Drosophila Calcium Levels And Inhibits Cellular Immunity." Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 110.23 (n.d.): 9427-9432. Biological Abstracts 1969 - Present. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

[7] O'Leary, M.A., K. Maduwage, and G.K. Isbister. "Use Of Immunoturbidimetry To Detect Venom–Antivenom Binding Using Snake Venoms." Journal Of Pharmacological & Toxicological Methods 67.3 (2013): 177-181. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

[8] Vogel, Carl-Wilhelm, Paul W. Finnegan, and David C. Fritzinger. "Humanized Cobra Venom Factor: Structure, Activity, And Therapeutic Efficacy In Preclinical Disease Models." Molecular Immunology 61.2 (2014): 191-203. Academic Search Complete. Web. 12 Feb. 2015.

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