木質醋酸菌

木質醋酸菌
科學分類
域：	細菌域 Bacteria
門：	假單胞菌門 Pseudomonadota
綱：	α-變形菌綱 Alphaproteobacteria
目：	紅螺菌目 Rhodospirillales
科：	醋桿菌科 Acetobacteraceae
屬：	駒形桿菌屬 Komagataeibacter
種：	木質醋酸菌 K. xylinus
二名法
	Komagataeibacter xylinus;
異名
	Gluconacetobacter xylinus; Acetobacter xylinum;

木質醋酸菌（學名：Komagataeibacter xylinus) ，是醋酸菌科駒形桿菌屬（英語：Komagataeibacter）的一種細菌，可合成纖維素（細菌纖維素）。市售的椰果即是木質醋酸菌將椰子水發酵後所形成的纖維素凝膠^[1]。

名稱

木質醋酸菌最早於1886年由英國釀酒專家阿德里安·約翰·布朗（英語：Adrian John Brown）發表描述，當時名稱為Gluconacetobacter xylinus，後來許多學者將此菌歸入醋桿菌屬，名為Acetobacter xylinum。2012年，木質醋酸菌被歸入新屬駒形桿菌屬中，並為該屬的模式種^[2]^[3]。

研究

木質醋酸菌的基因組最早於2011年被定序^[4]，不過該菌株為不能生產纖維素的突變株，可生產纖維素的菌株則在2014年被定序完成^[5]。

木質醋酸菌中與合成纖維素有關的酵素由一包含四個基因的操縱子BcsABCD所編碼，分別為纖維素合成酶（英語：Cellulose synthase）的四個次單元，細菌體內合成纖維素時四個基因皆需，不過體外合成時只需BcsA與BcsB即可。此菌也編碼分解纖維素的纖維素酶^[6]。

應用

椰果

木質醋酸菌可作為用來研究植物纖維素合成、或細菌生物薄膜合成的模式生物^[6]。在食品工業中，木質醋酸菌是用來製作椰果的原料，此菌在椰子水中發酵產生的纖維素凝膠即為椰果^[1]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Nugroho, Darmawan Ari; Aji, Pradipta. Characterization of Nata de Coco Produced by Fermentation of Immobilized Acetobacter xylinum. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2015, 3: 278–282. ISSN 2210-7843. doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.01.053.
^ Yamada, Yuzo; Yukphan, Pattaraporn; Lan Vu, Huong Thi; Muramatsu, Yuki; Ochaikul, Duangjai; Tanasupawat, Somboon; Nakagawa, Yasuyoshi. Description of Komagataeibacter gen. nov., with proposals of new combinations (Acetobacteraceae). The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 2012, 58 (5): 397–404. doi:10.2323/jgam.58.397.
^ Komagataeibacter. List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. [5 July 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-20）.
^ Ogino, H.; Azuma, Y.; Hosoyama, A.; Nakazawa, H.; Matsutani, M.; Hasegawa, A.; Otsuyama, K.-i.; Matsushita, K.; Fujita, N.; Shirai, M. Complete Genome Sequence of NBRC 3288, a Unique Cellulose-Nonproducing Strain of Gluconacetobacter xylinus Isolated from Vinegar. Journal of Bacteriology. 28 November 2011, 193 (24): 6997–6998. PMC 3232855  . PMID 22123756. doi:10.1128/JB.06158-11.
^ Kubiak, Katarzyna; Kurzawa, Marta; Jędrzejczak-Krzepkowska, Marzena; Ludwicka, Karolina; Krawczyk, Mariusz; Migdalski, Andrzej; Kacprzak, Magdalena M.; Loska, Damian; Krystynowicz, Alina; Bielecki, Stanisław. Complete genome sequence of Gluconacetobacter xylinus E25 strain—Valuable and effective producer of bacterial nanocellulose. Journal of Biotechnology. April 2014, 176: 18–19. PMID 24556328. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.02.006.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Römling, Ute; Galperin, Michael Y. Bacterial cellulose biosynthesis: diversity of operons, subunits, products, and functions. Trends in Microbiology. September 2015, 23 (9): 545–557. PMC 4676712  . PMID 26077867. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2015.05.005.

[NugrohoAji2015-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Nugroho, Darmawan Ari; Aji, Pradipta. Characterization of Nata de Coco Produced by Fermentation of Immobilized Acetobacter xylinum. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2015, 3: 278–282. ISSN 2210-7843. doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.01.053.

[yamada_2012-2] Yamada, Yuzo; Yukphan, Pattaraporn; Lan Vu, Huong Thi; Muramatsu, Yuki; Ochaikul, Duangjai; Tanasupawat, Somboon; Nakagawa, Yasuyoshi. Description of Komagataeibacter gen. nov., with proposals of new combinations (Acetobacteraceae). The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 2012, 58 (5): 397–404. doi:10.2323/jgam.58.397.

[lpsn-3] Komagataeibacter. List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature. [5 July 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-03-20）.

[ogino_2011-4] Ogino, H.; Azuma, Y.; Hosoyama, A.; Nakazawa, H.; Matsutani, M.; Hasegawa, A.; Otsuyama, K.-i.; Matsushita, K.; Fujita, N.; Shirai, M. Complete Genome Sequence of NBRC 3288, a Unique Cellulose-Nonproducing Strain of Gluconacetobacter xylinus Isolated from Vinegar. Journal of Bacteriology. 28 November 2011, 193 (24): 6997–6998. PMC 3232855  . PMID 22123756. doi:10.1128/JB.06158-11.

[kubiak_2014-5] Kubiak, Katarzyna; Kurzawa, Marta; Jędrzejczak-Krzepkowska, Marzena; Ludwicka, Karolina; Krawczyk, Mariusz; Migdalski, Andrzej; Kacprzak, Magdalena M.; Loska, Damian; Krystynowicz, Alina; Bielecki, Stanisław. Complete genome sequence of Gluconacetobacter xylinus E25 strain—Valuable and effective producer of bacterial nanocellulose. Journal of Biotechnology. April 2014, 176: 18–19. PMID 24556328. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.02.006.

[romling_2015-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Römling, Ute; Galperin, Michael Y. Bacterial cellulose biosynthesis: diversity of operons, subunits, products, and functions. Trends in Microbiology. September 2015, 23 (9): 545–557. PMC 4676712  . PMID 26077867. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2015.05.005.

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