次閉央不圓唇元音
次閉央不圓唇元音(near-close central unrounded vowel、near-high central unrounded vowel[1])是一個用在某些口語上的元音。在國際音標中,這個音可以用數種方法來表現(見右表),但最常見的則是⟨ɪ̈⟩(中央化的[ɪ])和⟨ɨ̞⟩(低化的 [ɨ])。其他的表述方法則如⟨ɪ̠⟩ (舌根後移的 [ɪ]) 和 ⟨ɘ̝⟩ (較高的 [ɘ])。X-SAMPA對於此音的表示方法則分別是I\
,1_o
,I_-
和@\_r
。
次閉央不圓唇元音 | |
---|---|
ɨ̞ | |
ɪ̈ | |
IPA編號 | 317 430 |
編碼 | |
HTML碼(十進制) | ɪ̈ |
Unicode碼(十六進制) | U+026A U+0308 |
X-SAMPA音標 | 1_o 或I\ |
IPA盲文 | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
音頻範例 | |
在許多英式字典中,此元音時常被寫為⟨ɪ⟩,而在美式音標中則更常被表示為⟨ɨ⟩或⟨ᵻ⟩[2]。⟨ᵻ⟩也被用在一些刊物中,例如John C. Wells的Accents of English。在第三版的牛津英語詞典中,⟨ᵻ⟩代表/ɪ/與/ə/之間的自由變異。
各語言比較表
編輯語言 | 詞彙 | 國際音標 | 意義 | 注釋 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
漢語 | 臺灣國語 | 知 | [d͡ʒɨ̞̄] | 知 | 普通話等於[ɨ] |
特徵
編輯國際音標:元音 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
表內成對的元音分別為不圓唇/圓唇。 |
- 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。
註釋
編輯- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Pullum & Ladusaw (1996:298頁)
參考文獻
編輯- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T., A Reference Grammar of Tamazight, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1971
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic, The dialects in the South of England: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (編), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter: 181–196, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Ball, Martin J., Phonetics for phonology, Ball, Martin J.; Jones, G.E (編), Welsh Phonology, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1984, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Hayward, Katrina; Hayward, Richard J., Amharic, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 45–50, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis, The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 1969
- Kruspe, Nicole; Hajek, John, Mah Meri, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (2): 241–248, doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946
- Lass, Roger, South African English, Mesthrie, Rajend (編), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lodge, Ken, A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009 [2018-02-15], ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2, (原始內容存檔於2019-06-08)
- Mott, Brian, Traditional Cockney and popular London speech, Dialectologia (RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert)), 2012, 9: 69–94 [2018-02-15], ISSN 2013-2247, (原始內容存檔於2015-09-24)
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe, Irish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 111–16, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid, Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, 2000, ISBN 0-946452-97-0 (愛爾蘭語)
- Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A., Phonetic Symbol Guide, Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press, 1996, ISBN 9780226685366
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, Mapudungun, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 87–96 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369, (原始內容存檔於2018-11-06)
- Tench, Paul, Tera, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Teo, Amos B., Sumi (Sema), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2012, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B., A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, 2014 [2018-02-15], ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5, (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-07-21)
- Wells, John C., Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-521-28541-0