環境退化
環境退化(Environmental degradation)是指生態環境的惡化,包括像清淨空氣、水及土壤之類的資源枯竭,生態系的破壞以及野生動物的滅絕。環境退化可以定義為環境中有害的或不希望的變化或是干擾[1]。根據I = PAT方程,環境影響(I)或是環境惡化是由三個因素組成而成:已經很多而且持續增加的人口(P)、持續增加的經濟成長或是人均財富(A)、以及消耗資源或是製造污染的技術應用(T)[2][3]。
環境退化是聯合國關於威脅,挑戰和改革問題高級別小組正式警告的十大威脅之一。聯合國國際減災戰略機構定義環境退化是「環境符合社會及生態目的及需求能力的下降。」[4]。環境退化有許多不同的形式,例如棲息地破壞或是自然資源枯竭時,環境就退化了。對抗環境退化的方式包括環境保護及環境資源管理。
參考資料
編輯- ^ Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 581–589.
- ^ Chertow, M.R., "The IPAT equation and its variants", Journal of Industrial Ecology, 4 (4):13–29, 2001.
- ^ Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Chapter 6, "Sustainability or Collapse?", New Society Publishers, ISBN 0865717044.
- ^ ISDR : Terminology. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2004-03-31 [2010-06-09]. (原始內容存檔於2013-01-03).
相關條目
編輯外部連結
編輯- Ecology of Increasing Disease Population growth and environmental degradation
- Dougill, Andrew J.; Thomas, David S.G.; Heathwaite, A. Louise. Environmental Change in the Kalahari: Integrated Land Degradation Studies for Nonequilibrium Dryland Environments. Annals of the Association of American Geographers (Informa UK Limited). 1999, 89 (3): 420–442. ISSN 0004-5608. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00156.
- Public Daily Brief Threat: Environmental Degradation
- Focus: Environmental degradation is contributing to health threats worldwide (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems-Water Reactors (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- Herndon and Gibbon Lieutenants United States Navy (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) The First North American Explorers of the Amazon Valley, by Historian Normand E. Klare. Actual Reports from the explorers are compared with present Amazon Basin conditions.
- Environmental Degradation Index by Jha & Murthy (for 174 countries)