維基百科

約旦吞併約旦河西岸

約旦吞併約旦河西岸是指1950年4月24日約旦正式吞併約旦河西岸的舉動，此前在1948年阿拉伯-以色列戰爭期間，約旦佔領了此前曾屬於巴勒斯坦託管地的領土[1][2][3]。這次併吞使得約旦的人口從40萬增加到130萬[4]。

在1948年阿拉伯-以色列戰爭期間，約旦的阿拉伯軍團控制了包括傑里科、伯利恆、希伯侖、納布盧斯、東耶路撒冷、耶路撒冷舊城在內的約旦河西岸地區[5]。

在1948年12月召開的耶利哥會議上，來自約旦河西岸的數百位巴勒斯坦知識分子聚集在一起，他們決定接受約旦的統治，並承認阿卜杜拉一世是他們的領導人。1950年4月24日約旦吞併約旦河西岸後，大多數國家並不承認，而且認為約旦此舉是非法和無效的[6]。一個月之後，阿拉伯國家聯盟承認約旦可以暫且託管約旦河西岸地區，直到巴勒斯坦問題解決為止。英國、美國、伊拉克以及巴基斯坦 [6][7][8][9][10]承認了約旦的併吞舉動。當約旦在1955年加入聯合國時，沒有國家因為約旦吞併約旦河西岸而拒絕讓約旦加入聯合國[11]。

後來約旦規定約旦河西岸的居民享有約旦的公民權，此時約旦的人口增加了一倍以上[5]。這些加入約旦國籍的約旦河西岸居民和其他約旦人一樣可以在政府機關中任職，而且機會均等，並且不會遭到歧視，而且約旦議會中有一半的議席來自約旦河西岸地區[12]。

在第三次中東戰爭期間，約旦河西岸被以色列佔領。1988年，約旦方面表示約旦河西岸不再是約旦領土，亦不再受約旦行政機構管轄。約旦河西岸的阿拉伯人喪失了約旦的公民權，不再是約旦公民。

參見

編輯

參考文獻

編輯
  1. ^ Eyal Benvenisti. The International Law of Occupation. Princeton University Press. 2004: 108–. ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7. 
  2. ^ Raphael Israeli, Jerusalem divided: the armistice regime, 1947–1967, Volume 23 of Cass series – Israeli history, politics, and society, Psychology Press, 2002, p. 23.
  3. ^ "Under Jordanian occupation since the 1948 Palestine war," Chicago Tribune, 3 June 1954
  4. ^ Mishal, Shaul. "Chapter 4. Conflictual Pressures and Cooperative Interests: Observations on West Bank-Amman Political Relations, 1949–1967". Palestinian Society and Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, pp. 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854479.169
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Cavendish, Richard. Jordan Formally Annexes the West Bank. History Today. 4 April 2000 [23 January 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2018-02-21）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Benveniśtî, Eyāl. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press. 2004: 108. ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7. This purported annexation was, however, widely regarded as illegal and void, by the Arab League and others, and was recognized only by Britain, Iraq, and Pakistan. 
  7. ^ Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, Volume V - Office of the Historian. history.state.gov. [2023-08-14]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-14）. 
  8. ^ Joseph Massad said that the members of the Arab League granted de facto recognition and that the United States had formally recognized the annexation, except for Jerusalem. See Massad, Joseph A. Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan. New York: Columbia University Press. 2001: 229. ISBN 978-0-231-12323-5. 
  9. ^ George Washington University. Law School. The George Washington international law review. George Washington University. 2005: 390 [21 December 2010]. Jordan's illegal occupation and Annexation of the West Bank 
  10. ^ It is often stated that Pakistan recognized it as well, but that is disputed; see S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, Middle Eastern Studies, 19:2 (1983) 261–263.
  11. ^ Kattan, Victor. The False Premise Sustaining Israel's West Bank Claim – Part I. Opinio Juris. 2019-04-08 [2023-03-10]. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-07）. When Jordan was admitted to membership of the UN in 1955, no state challenged the legality of Jordan’s union with the West Bank. This was in stark contrast to the debates on Israel’s application for membership of the UN that was debated in the UN Security Council in 1948 and in the Ad Hoc Political Committee of the third session of the UN General Assembly in 1949. 
  12. ^ Nils August Butenschon; Uri Davis; Manuel Sarkis Hassassian. Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications. Syracuse University Press. 2000 [18 October 2015]. ISBN 978-0-8156-2829-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-07）. 
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