紙張回收

紙張回收，又稱廢紙回收，是將用過的紙張循環再造的過程。必須一提的是，紙張並不可以無限次回收，因為紙張內的纖維在每次回收後都會縮短，在回收4至6次之後，由於纖維過短而無法製作成紙張^[1]。

回收理由

工業化造紙業對環境產生影響，無論是在上游（獲取和加工原材料的地方）還是在下游（廢棄物處理影響）。^[2]

如今，40%的紙漿是從木材中製造出來的（在大多數現代工廠中，僅有9-16%的紙漿是由紙漿原木製成的；其餘的來自傳統上被燃燒的廢棄木材）。紙張生產占據了約35%的被砍伐樹木，^[3] 並占據了世界總經濟產出的1.2%。^[4] 回收一噸的新聞紙可以節約約1噸的木材，而回收一噸的印刷紙或複印紙可以節約略多於2噸的木材。^[5] 這是因為卡夫特法製漿需要兩倍於機械法製漿的木材，因為它去除了木素以產生比機械法製漿工藝更高質量的纖維。將回收的紙張噸數與未砍伐的樹木數量關聯在一起是沒有意義的，因為樹木的大小變化巨大，這是影響從多少樹木製造多少紙張的主要因素。^[6] 此外，專門為製漿生產的樹木占世界紙漿產量的16%，原始森林占9%，而第二、第三代及更多代的森林占其餘部分。^[3] 大多數紙漿廠操作員進行造林以確保持續供應樹木。森林認證計劃（PEFC）和森林管理委員會（FSC）認證根據旨在確保良好林業實踐的準則製造的紙張。^[7]

能源

通過回收來減少能源消耗，^[8] 儘管關於實際節能效果的爭論存在。能源信息管理局聲稱，與用未回收紙漿製造的紙張相比，回收紙張可以減少40%的能源消耗，^[9] 而國際回收業聯合會（BIR）聲稱減少64%。^[10] 一些計算顯示，回收一噸報紙可以節約約4,000 kWh（14 GJ）的電力，儘管這可能過高（請參見下面關於未回收紙漿的評論）。這足以為一個三居室的歐洲房屋提供一整年的電力，或為一個普通的北美家庭提供將近六個月的供暖和空調能源。^[11]^[12] 通過回收紙漿製造紙張實際上比通過卡夫特法製漿製造新紙漿消耗更多的化石燃料；這些工廠大部分的能源來自於燃燒廢木材（樹皮、根、鋸木廠廢料）和副產品木素（黑液）。^[13] 生產新機械漿的紙漿廠消耗大量能源；粗略估計每噸紙漿需要10吉焦（2500千瓦時）的電能。^[14]

填埋用途

在美國，約35%的城市固體廢物（回收前）按重量是紙張和紙製品。其中42.4%被回收利用。^[15]

水和空氣污染

美國環境保護局（EPA）發現，回收造紙比製造原紙會產生35%的水污染和74%的空氣污染。^[16] 紙漿廠可以是空氣和水污染的來源，特別是如果它們在生產漂白紙漿。現代工廠產生的污染比幾十年前的要少得多。回收紙漿為造紙提供了替代纖維。回收的紙漿可以使用與漂白原紙相同的化學品進行漂白，但過氧化氫和硫酸氫鈉是最常見的漂白劑。回收紙漿或由其製造的紙張如果在回收過程中沒有使用含氯化合物，則稱為PCF（無過程氯）^[17]。

溫室氣體排放

有關紙張和紙板生產的研究估計，回收紙張的排放量為0.2至1.5千克二氧化碳當量/千克材料。^[18] 這大約相當於與生產原材料相關的CO₂排放的70%。^[19]

環保爭議

普遍認為再造紙比新造的紙張較環保，實際情況可能取決於多個因素，包括回收地與造紙廠的距離而當中運輸所消耗的燃料、處理廢紙例如將顏料清除所需的化學劑和它的棄置處理^[20]、新造紙原料由植林所得而樹木生長過程會從大氣吸收大量二氧化碳等等^[21]。

參考

^ How many times can it be recycled?. Auckland Council. 2016 [2021-10-05]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-07）.
^ Hershkowitz, A. (2002). Bronx ecology. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 62
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Martin, Sam. Paper Chase. Ecology Communications, Inc. 2004 [21 September 2007]. （原始內容存檔於17 May 2008）.
^ Trends and Current Status of the Contribution of the Forestry Sector to National Economies. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2004 [21 September 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-27）.
^ Environmental Paper Network (PDF). Green Press Initiative. 2007 [23 October 2011]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於7 April 2012）.
^ Marcot, Bruce G. How Many Recycled Newspapers Does It Take to Save A Tree?. The Ecology Plexus. 1992 [22 September 2007]. （原始內容存檔於13 October 2007）.
^ Certification Tracking products from the forest to the shelf!. [21 September 2007]. （原始內容存檔於26 August 2007）.
^ Case history: The truth about recycling. The Economist. 9 June 2007 [19 April 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-23）.
^ SavingEnergy Recycling Paper & Glass. Energy Information Administration. September 2006 [20 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-25）.
^ Information about Recycling. Bureau of International Recycling. [20 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於27 September 2007）.
^ Recycle – Save Energy. South Carolina Electric & Gas Company. 1991 [20 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於11 September 2007）.
^ Pivnenko, Kostyantyn. how many reams of paper in a box. Science & Technology. [2007-12-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-21）.
^ Jeffries, Tom. Kraft pulping: Energy consumption and production. University of Wisconsin Biotech Center. 27 March 1997 [21 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於20 December 2006）.
^ Biermann, Christopher J. Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking . San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. 1993. ISBN 0-12-097360-X.
^ Executive Summary: Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures (PDF). US Environmental Protection Agency. 200 [23 October 2007]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於12 September 2007）.
^ Recyc2007. [30 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2008-01-16）.
^ MacFadden, Todd; Michael P. Vogel. Facts About Paper. Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center, Montana State University. June 1996 [30 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於12 July 2007）.
^ Life cycle inventory data sets for material production of aluminum, glass, paper, plastic, and steel in North America (PDF). February 2003 [29 December 2020]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-04-07）.
^ Hillman, Karl; Damgaard, Anders; Eriksson, Ola; Jonsson, Daniel; Fluck, Lena. Climate Benefits of Material Recycling. 2015 [29 December 2020]. ISBN 9789289342179. S2CID 128434790. doi:10.6027/TN2015-547. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-01）.
^ Pivnenko, Kostyantyn; Laner, David; Astrup, Thomas F. Material Cycles and Chemicals: Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling. Environmental Science & Technology. 2016-11-15, 50 (22): 12302–12311. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 27572286. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01791  .
^ How Are Trees Grown for Paper? (PDF). The Leading Technical Association for the Worldwide Pulp, Paper and Converting Industry. 2001 [2021-10-05]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-09-23）.

外部連結

開放目錄專案中的「紙張回收」
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Paper and Paperboard Products （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
How to Make Recycled Paper （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – A tutorial for making your own recycled paper
Waste Paper Recycling （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – How Paper Recycling works?

[1] How many times can it be recycled?. Auckland Council. 2016 [2021-10-05]. （原始內容存檔於2022-02-07）.

[2] Hershkowitz, A. (2002). Bronx ecology. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 62

[chase-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Martin, Sam. Paper Chase. Ecology Communications, Inc. 2004 [21 September 2007]. （原始內容存檔於17 May 2008）.

[4] Trends and Current Status of the Contribution of the Forestry Sector to National Economies. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2004 [21 September 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-27）.

[5] Environmental Paper Network (PDF). Green Press Initiative. 2007 [23 October 2011]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於7 April 2012）.

[6] Marcot, Bruce G. How Many Recycled Newspapers Does It Take to Save A Tree?. The Ecology Plexus. 1992 [22 September 2007]. （原始內容存檔於13 October 2007）.

[7] Certification Tracking products from the forest to the shelf!. [21 September 2007]. （原始內容存檔於26 August 2007）.

[8] Case history: The truth about recycling. The Economist. 9 June 2007 [19 April 2012]. （原始內容存檔於2017-11-23）.

[9] SavingEnergy Recycling Paper & Glass. Energy Information Administration. September 2006 [20 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2008-10-25）.

[BIR2-10] Information about Recycling. Bureau of International Recycling. [20 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於27 September 2007）.

[11] Recycle – Save Energy. South Carolina Electric & Gas Company. 1991 [20 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於11 September 2007）.

[12] Pivnenko, Kostyantyn. how many reams of paper in a box. Science & Technology. [2007-12-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-08-21）.

[13] Jeffries, Tom. Kraft pulping: Energy consumption and production. University of Wisconsin Biotech Center. 27 March 1997 [21 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於20 December 2006）.

[bier-14] Biermann, Christopher J. Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking . San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. 1993. ISBN 0-12-097360-X.

[epa-15] Executive Summary: Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures (PDF). US Environmental Protection Agency. 200 [23 October 2007]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於12 September 2007）.

[16] Recyc2007. [30 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於2008-01-16）.

[17] MacFadden, Todd; Michael P. Vogel. Facts About Paper. Printers' National Environmental Assistance Center, Montana State University. June 1996 [30 October 2007]. （原始內容存檔於12 July 2007）.

[18] Life cycle inventory data sets for material production of aluminum, glass, paper, plastic, and steel in North America (PDF). February 2003 [29 December 2020]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2023-04-07）.

[19] Hillman, Karl; Damgaard, Anders; Eriksson, Ola; Jonsson, Daniel; Fluck, Lena. Climate Benefits of Material Recycling. 2015 [29 December 2020]. ISBN 9789289342179. S2CID 128434790. doi:10.6027/TN2015-547. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-01）.

[20] Pivnenko, Kostyantyn; Laner, David; Astrup, Thomas F. Material Cycles and Chemicals: Dynamic Material Flow Analysis of Contaminants in Paper Recycling. Environmental Science & Technology. 2016-11-15, 50 (22): 12302–12311. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 27572286. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b01791  .

[21] How Are Trees Grown for Paper? (PDF). The Leading Technical Association for the Worldwide Pulp, Paper and Converting Industry. 2001 [2021-10-05]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-09-23）.

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