F#
F#是由微軟發展的為.NET語言提供運行環境的程序設計語言,是函數程式語言(FP,Functional Programming),函數程式語言最重要的基礎是Lambda Calculus。它是基於OCaml的,而OCaml是基於ML函數程式語言。有時F#和OCaml的程式是可以交互編譯的。
編程範型 | 多范型: 函數式, 指令式, 面向對象, 元編程, 並發計算 |
---|---|
設計者 | 微軟研究院, Don Syme |
實作者 | 微軟, F♯軟件基金會 |
面市時間 | 2005年 | (version 1.0)
當前版本 | |
型態系統 | 靜態類型, 強類型, 類型推論 |
操作系統 | 跨平台 (.NET, .NET框架, Mono, JavaScript) |
許可證 | Apache許可證 |
文件擴展名 | .fs, .fsi, .fsx, .fsscript |
網站 | fsharp |
啟發語言 | |
ML, OCaml, C#, Python, Haskell,[4] Scala, Erlang | |
影響語言 | |
F*, LiveScript | |
|
F#支援高階函數、柯里化、惰性求值、續體、模式匹配、閉包、列表推導式和元編程。這是一個用於顯示.NET在不同編程語言間互通的程序設計,可以被.NET中的任意其它代碼編譯和調用。
2002年微軟開始由Don Syme帶領研發F#,從C#,LINQ和Haskell中獲取了經驗,2005年推出第一個版本,2007年7月31日釋出1.9.2.9版。2007年底,微軟宣布F#進入產品化的階段。
F#已被集成在Visual Studio 2010中,版本是2.0,含有對.Net Framework的完全支持。
F#現在在Visual Studio 2015中,版本是4.0。
F#現在在Visual Studio 2017中,版本是4.1。
範例
編輯一些小小範例如下:
// This is a comment for a sample hello world program.
printfn "Hello World!"
具有構造函數的Person類,該構造函數具有名稱和年齡以及兩個不可變的屬性。
/// This is a documentation comment for a type definition.
type Person(name : string, age : int) =
member x.Name = name
member x.Age = age
/// class instantiation
let mrSmith = Person("Smith", 42)
一個經常用於演示函數式語言語法的簡單示例。此處以32位非負整數的階乘函數為例,使用F#。
/// Using pattern matching expression
let rec factorial n =
match n with
| 0 -> 1
| _ -> n * factorial (n - 1)
/// For a single-argument functions there is syntactic sugar (pattern matching function):
let rec factorial = function
| 0 -> 1
| n -> n * factorial (n - 1)
/// Using fold and range operator
let factorial n = [1..n] |> Seq.fold (*) 1
迭代示例:
/// Iteration using a 'for' loop
let printList lst =
for x in lst do
printfn "%d" x
/// Iteration using a higher-order function
let printList2 lst =
List.iter (printfn "%d") lst
/// Iteration using a recursive function and pattern matching
let rec printList3 lst =
match lst with
| [] -> ()
| h :: t ->
printfn "%d" h
printList3 t
斐波那契數列數列示例:
/// Fibonacci Number formula
let fib n =
let rec g n f0 f1 =
match n with
| 0 -> f0
| 1 -> f1
| _ -> g (n - 1) f1 (f0 + f1)
g n 0 1
/// Another approach - a lazy infinite sequence of Fibonacci numbers
let fibSeq = Seq.unfold (fun (a,b) -> Some(a+b, (b, a+b))) (0,1)
// Print even fibs
[1 .. 10]
|> List.map fib
|> List.filter (fun n -> (n % 2) = 0)
|> printList
// Same thing, using a list expression
[ for i in 1..10 do
let r = fib i
if r % 2 = 0 then yield r ]
|> printList
一個Windows程序樣本示例:
// Open the Windows Forms library
open System.Windows.Forms
// Create a window and set a few properties
let form = new Form(Visible=true, TopMost=true, Text="Welcome to F#")
// Create a label to show some text in the form
let label =
let x = 3 + (4 * 5)
new Label(Text = sprintf "x = %d" x)
// Add the label to the form
form.Controls.Add(label)
// Finally, run the form
[<System.STAThread>]
Application.Run(form)
多線程編程示例(此處為CPU和I/O任務同時進行):
/// A simple prime number detector
let isPrime (n:int) =
let bound = int (sqrt (float n))
seq {2 .. bound} |> Seq.forall (fun x -> n % x <> 0)
// We are using async workflows
let primeAsync n =
async { return (n, isPrime n) }
/// Return primes between m and n using multiple threads
let primes m n =
seq {m .. n}
|> Seq.map primeAsync
|> Async.Parallel
|> Async.RunSynchronously
|> Array.filter snd
|> Array.map fst
// Run a test
primes 1000000 1002000
|> Array.iter (printfn "%d")
參考文獻
編輯- ^ https://github.com/dotnet/fsharp/releases/tag/v12.9.100-beta.24522.2.
- ^ https://devblogs.microsoft.com/dotnet/nullable-reference-types-in-fsharp-9/.
- ^ https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp/whats-new/fsharp-9.
- ^ Syme, Granicz & Cisternino (2007:2頁) "F# also draws from Haskell particularly with regard to two advanced language features called sequence expressions and workflows."