PGLYRP1

PGLYRP1
已知的結構
PDB	直系同源搜索: PDBe RCSB
PDBID列表
	1YCK
識別號
別名	PGLYRP1；, PGLYRP, PGRP, PGRP-S, PGRPS, TAG7, TNFSF3L, peptidoglycan recognition protein 1
外部ID	OMIM：604963 MGI：1345092 HomoloGene：74539 GeneCards：PGLYRP1
基因位置（人類）
染色體	19號染色體
終止	46,023,053 bp
基因位置（小鼠）
染色體	小鼠7號染色體
終止	18,624,384 bp
RNA表達模式
	查閱更多表達數據
基因本體
分子功能	• 鋅離子結合; • peptidoglycan immune receptor activity; • N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase activity; • peptidoglycan binding;
細胞組分	• 外排體; • 細胞外區域; • specific granule lumen; • phagocytic vesicle lumen; • tertiary granule lumen; • 細胞外空間;
生物學過程	• peptidoglycan catabolic process; • negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response; • negative regulation of interferon-gamma production; • 先天免疫系統; • negative regulation of inflammatory response; • defense response to bacterium; • 免疫反應; • detection of bacterium; • immune system process; • defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; • pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway; • antimicrobial humoral response; • neutrophil degranulation; • positive regulation of cytolysis in other organism; • antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide; • response to bacterium; • killing of cells of other organism;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
直系同源
	8993
	21946
	ENSG00000008438
	ENSMUSG00000030413
	O75594
	O88593
	NM_005091
	NM_009402
	NP_005082
	NP_033428
	維基數據
檢視/編輯人類	檢視/編輯小鼠

肽聚醣識別蛋白1（Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1），也被稱為 TAG7、PGRP-S，是在人類PGLYRP1基因編碼的蛋白。^[5]^[6]^[7]

肽聚糖識別蛋白（Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins, PGRPs）是近幾年來，在昆蟲和哺乳動物體內所發現的一種先天性免疫激活蛋白。哺乳動物具有四種PGRPs，分別命名為PGRP-S、PGRP-L、PGRP-Iα以及PGRP-Iβ（也稱為PGLYRP-1、PGLYRP-2、PGLYRP-3與PGLYRP-4）。^[8]

其中，PGRP-S為哺乳動物PGRP中最早克隆得到的。在過去的試驗發現PGRP-S會活化生物體的淋巴免疫細胞而誘發體內生成干擾素（IFN-γ）、腫瘤壞死因子（TNF-α），^[9]而展現出抗病毒的效果，且受到PGRP-S活化的淋巴免疫細胞並不會對正常的健康細胞產生危害。^[10]

組織分布與分泌

該PGLYRP-1基因會高度表現在骨髓、循環型多形核白細胞（PMLs），以及角膜上皮細胞。主要在顆粒多型核白血球（PML）可以發現PGLYRP1蛋白。

結構

如同大多數肽聚醣識別蛋白，PGLYRP-1有一個羧基端第2型醯胺域（也稱為PGRP域）並包括三個α-螺旋，五個β股，螺旋，並具有能形成三個雙硫鍵的三對保守半胱氨酸。^[11] PGLYRP1會形成二聚體，以表現出抗微生物活性，並且可以與熱休克蛋白70形成複合體，而表現出其毒性。

功能

PGLYRP-1蛋白在先天免疫反應中扮演著極為重要的腳色。此蛋白針對革蘭氏陽性菌，例如金黃色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌以及李斯特菌，且通常具有促炎的影響，會誘發組織中腫瘤壞死因子-α（TNF-a）和干擾素伽瑪（IFN-γ）的生成，對於豬PRRS病毒、流感病毒以及腸病毒在研究中也能產生出抑制的效果。^[10]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

在過去的研究中，我們也知道PGLYRP-1能與熱休克蛋白70形成具有細胞毒性的複合體，這表示了它也許能作為抗癌症的腳色。^[16] 身為一個具有抗菌屬性的識別病原蛋白，PGLYRP-1也許在維持腸道中微生物菌叢中扮演著重要腳色。

機制

作為抗微生物劑，PGLYRP-1結合到其目標細胞，並不會像防禦素和其他抗菌肽一樣，穿透細菌細胞壁。相反地，PGLYRP-1的結合激活了細菌的壓抑反應，而導致細菌關閉轉錄和轉譯作用，以及誘導氧化反應。作為一個細胞毒性劑，PGLYRP1-熱休克蛋白70複合體

可能的病理學作用

在人體上，PGLYRP-1基因的單核苷酸多態性與潰瘍性結腸炎的發生有關。^[17]

在小鼠，缺乏PGLYRP1會增加感染傳染性疾病的機率，但也減少了自體免疫性疾病的侵擾。當感染綠膿桿菌時，缺乏 PGLYRP1會增加角膜感染的風險性，減少角膜創傷的癒合能力，並且增加了角膜刮傷。^[18] 但PGLYRP1缺陷的小鼠同時也減緩了過敏性皮膚炎和接觸性皮膚炎的嚴重性，且對於哮喘的發生也有所影響。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000008438 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030413 - Ensembl, May 2017
^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ A peptidoglycan recognition protein in innate immunity conserved from insects to humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Sep 1998, 95 (17): 10078–82. PMC 21464  . PMID 9707603. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10078.
^ [Expression analysis of proteins encoded by genes of the tag7/tagL (PGRP-S,L) family in human peripheral blood cells]. Genetika. Apr 2003, 39 (2): 244–9. PMID 12669421.
^ Entrez Gene: PGLYRP1 peptidoglycan recognition protein 1.
^ 郭, 睿; 王, 銀. 哺乳动物肽聚糖识别蛋白抗菌作用及其机制的研究进展. 吉林農業大學學報. 2013, 35 (02): 236–240 [2019-01-15]. ISSN 1000-5684. doi:10.13327/j.jjlau.2013.02.023. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-15）.
^ Osanai, Arihiro; Sashinami, Hiroshi; Asano, Krisana; Li, Sheng-Jun; Hu, Dong-Liang; Nakane, Akio. Mouse Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein PGLYRP-1 Plays a Role in the Host Innate Immune Response againstListeria monocytogenesInfection. Infection and Immunity. 2010-12-06, 79 (2): 858–866. ISSN 0019-9567. doi:10.1128/iai.00466-10.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Sharapova, Tatiana N.; Ivanova, Olga K.; Prasolov, Vladimir S.; Romanova, Elena A.; Sashchenko, Lidia P.; Yashin, Denis V. Innate immunity protein Tag7 (PGRP-S) activates lymphocytes capable of Fasl-Fas-dependent contact killing of virus-infected cells. IUBMB Life. 2017-10-30, 69 (12): 971–977. ISSN 1521-6543. doi:10.1002/iub.1688.
^ Crystal structure of human peptidoglycan recognition protein I alpha bound to a muramyl pentapeptide from Gram-positive bacteria. Protein Sci. 2006, 15 (5): 1199–206. PMC 2242522  . PMID 16641493. doi:10.1110/ps.062077606.
^ López-Fuertes, L; Campos, E; Doménech, N; Ezquerra, A; Castro, J.M; Domı́nguez, J; Alonso, F. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus down-modulates TNF-α production in infected macrophages. Virus Research. 2000-08, 69 (1): 41–46. ISSN 0168-1702. doi:10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00172-6.
^ Bautista, E. M.; Molitor, T. W. IFNγ inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in macrophages. Archives of Virology. 1999-06, 144 (6): 1191–1200. ISSN 0304-8608. doi:10.1007/s007050050578.
^ Weiss, Ido D.; Wald, Ori; Wald, Hanna; Beider, Katia; Abraham, Michal; Galun, Eithan; Nagler, Arnon; Peled, Amnon. IFN-γ Treatment at Early Stages of Influenza Virus Infection Protects Mice from Death in a NK Cell-Dependent Manner. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. 2010-06, 30 (6): 439–449. ISSN 1079-9907. doi:10.1089/jir.2009.0084.
^ Hoshino, Akinori; Takenaka, Hiroshi; Mizukoshi, Osamu; Imanishi, Jiro; Kishida, Tsunataro; Tovey, Michael G. Effect of anti-interferon serum of influenza virus infection in mice. Antiviral Research. 1983-03, 3 (1): 59–65. ISSN 0166-3542. doi:10.1016/0166-3542(83)90015-3.
^ Peptidoglycan recognition protein tag7 forms a cytotoxic complex with heat shock protein 70 in solution and in lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279 (3): 2117–24. PMID 14585845. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307513200.
^ Genetic Association of Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein Variants with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (6): e67393. PMC 3686734  . PMID 23840689. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067393.
^ A novel antimicrobial peptidoglycan recognition protein in the cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2009, 50 (9): 4185–91. PMC 3052780  . PMID 19387073. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3040.

相關閱讀

Cho JH, Fraser IP, Fukase K, et al. Human peptidoglycan recognition protein S is an effector of neutrophil-mediated innate immunity.. Blood. 2005, 106 (7): 2551–8. PMC 1895263  . PMID 15956276. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-02-0530.
Guan R, Wang Q, Sundberg EJ, Mariuzza RA. Crystal structure of human peptidoglycan recognition protein S (PGRP-S) at 1.70 A resolution.. J. Mol. Biol. 2005, 347 (4): 683–91. PMID 15769462. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.01.070.
Guan R, Roychowdhury A, Ember B, et al. Structural basis for peptidoglycan binding by peptidoglycan recognition proteins.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 101 (49): 17168–73. PMC 535381  . PMID 15572450. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407856101.
Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).. Genome Res. 2004, 14 (10B): 2121–7. PMC 528928  . PMID 15489334. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504.
Guan R, Malchiodi EL, Wang Q, et al. Crystal structure of the C-terminal peptidoglycan-binding domain of human peptidoglycan recognition protein Ialpha.. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279 (30): 31873–82. PMID 15140887. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404920200.
Grimwood J, Gordon LA, Olsen A, et al. The DNA sequence and biology of human chromosome 19.. Nature. 2004, 428 (6982): 529–35. PMID 15057824. doi:10.1038/nature02399.
Sashchenko LP, Dukhanina EA, Yashin DV, et al. Peptidoglycan recognition protein tag7 forms a cytotoxic complex with heat shock protein 70 in solution and in lymphocytes.. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279 (3): 2117–24. PMID 14585845. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307513200.
Wang ZM, Li X, Cocklin RR, et al. Human peptidoglycan recognition protein-L is an N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase.. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 278 (49): 49044–52. PMID 14506276. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307758200.
Clark HF, Gurney AL, Abaya E, et al. The secreted protein discovery initiative (SPDI), a large-scale effort to identify novel human secreted and transmembrane proteins: a bioinformatics assessment.. Genome Res. 2003, 13 (10): 2265–70. PMC 403697  . PMID 12975309. doi:10.1101/gr.1293003.
Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 99 (26): 16899–903. PMC 139241  . PMID 12477932. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899.
Liu C, Xu Z, Gupta D, Dziarski R. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins: a novel family of four human innate immunity pattern recognition molecules.. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276 (37): 34686–94. PMID 11461926. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105566200.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000008438 - Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030413 - Ensembl, May 2017

[3] Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid9707603-5] A peptidoglycan recognition protein in innate immunity conserved from insects to humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Sep 1998, 95 (17): 10078–82. PMC 21464  . PMID 9707603. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10078.

[pmid12669421-6] [Expression analysis of proteins encoded by genes of the tag7/tagL (PGRP-S,L) family in human peripheral blood cells]. Genetika. Apr 2003, 39 (2): 244–9. PMID 12669421.

[entrez-7] Entrez Gene: PGLYRP1 peptidoglycan recognition protein 1.

[8] 郭, 睿; 王, 銀. 哺乳动物肽聚糖识别蛋白抗菌作用及其机制的研究进展. 吉林農業大學學報. 2013, 35 (02): 236–240 [2019-01-15]. ISSN 1000-5684. doi:10.13327/j.jjlau.2013.02.023. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-15）.

[9] Osanai, Arihiro; Sashinami, Hiroshi; Asano, Krisana; Li, Sheng-Jun; Hu, Dong-Liang; Nakane, Akio. Mouse Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein PGLYRP-1 Plays a Role in the Host Innate Immune Response againstListeria monocytogenesInfection. Infection and Immunity. 2010-12-06, 79 (2): 858–866. ISSN 0019-9567. doi:10.1128/iai.00466-10.

[:0-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Sharapova, Tatiana N.; Ivanova, Olga K.; Prasolov, Vladimir S.; Romanova, Elena A.; Sashchenko, Lidia P.; Yashin, Denis V. Innate immunity protein Tag7 (PGRP-S) activates lymphocytes capable of Fasl-Fas-dependent contact killing of virus-infected cells. IUBMB Life. 2017-10-30, 69 (12): 971–977. ISSN 1521-6543. doi:10.1002/iub.1688.

[pmid16641493-11] Crystal structure of human peptidoglycan recognition protein I alpha bound to a muramyl pentapeptide from Gram-positive bacteria. Protein Sci. 2006, 15 (5): 1199–206. PMC 2242522  . PMID 16641493. doi:10.1110/ps.062077606.

[12] López-Fuertes, L; Campos, E; Doménech, N; Ezquerra, A; Castro, J.M; Domı́nguez, J; Alonso, F. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus down-modulates TNF-α production in infected macrophages. Virus Research. 2000-08, 69 (1): 41–46. ISSN 0168-1702. doi:10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00172-6.

[13] Bautista, E. M.; Molitor, T. W. IFNγ inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication in macrophages. Archives of Virology. 1999-06, 144 (6): 1191–1200. ISSN 0304-8608. doi:10.1007/s007050050578.

[14] Weiss, Ido D.; Wald, Ori; Wald, Hanna; Beider, Katia; Abraham, Michal; Galun, Eithan; Nagler, Arnon; Peled, Amnon. IFN-γ Treatment at Early Stages of Influenza Virus Infection Protects Mice from Death in a NK Cell-Dependent Manner. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. 2010-06, 30 (6): 439–449. ISSN 1079-9907. doi:10.1089/jir.2009.0084.

[15] Hoshino, Akinori; Takenaka, Hiroshi; Mizukoshi, Osamu; Imanishi, Jiro; Kishida, Tsunataro; Tovey, Michael G. Effect of anti-interferon serum of influenza virus infection in mice. Antiviral Research. 1983-03, 3 (1): 59–65. ISSN 0166-3542. doi:10.1016/0166-3542(83)90015-3.

[pmid14585845-16] Peptidoglycan recognition protein tag7 forms a cytotoxic complex with heat shock protein 70 in solution and in lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279 (3): 2117–24. PMID 14585845. doi:10.1074/jbc.M307513200.

[pmid23840689-17] Genetic Association of Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein Variants with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (6): e67393. PMC 3686734  . PMID 23840689. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067393.

[pmid19387073-18] A novel antimicrobial peptidoglycan recognition protein in the cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2009, 50 (9): 4185–91. PMC 3052780  . PMID 19387073. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-3040.

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