單性生殖
生殖形式
此條目需要擴充。 (2013年5月3日) |
單性生殖,又稱為孤雌生殖(Parthenogenesis),是雌性動物或植物的卵子,不經過受精過程,而單獨發育成後代的生殖方式,屬於無性生殖,但仍與一般無性生殖稍有區別。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cnemidophorus-ThreeSpecies.jpg/280px-Cnemidophorus-ThreeSpecies.jpg)
單性生殖一般發生在多種植物和無脊椎動物中,但也有一些脊椎動物如某些爬行動物[1](如鈎盲蛇、紅尾蚺、科摩多巨蜥、哀鱗趾虎、新墨西哥鞭尾蜥),在一些特殊的鳥類[2](加州神鷲[3][4])和鯊魚物種(如窄頭雙髻鯊、條紋斑竹鯊、黑邊鰭真鯊)中也會出現[5]。如水蚤、蜜蜂、蒲公英和一些禾類中,這些現象為「天然單性生殖」,人為的刺激未受精卵發育,成為「人工單性生殖」,曾經實驗過將蠶、青蛙、番茄等成功地進行單性生殖,可以完整地保留母體性狀。雄性小火蟻是唯一不須與雌性基因結合,可以繁殖自身後代的雄性物種。北美甚至變異出可以向其他雄性提取片段基因或單條染色體用來豐富自己後代基因多樣性的孤雌生殖鈍口螈。
產雄孤雌生殖
編輯單性生殖的後代如果全為雄性,稱為「產雄單性生殖」或「產雄孤雌生殖」,例如蜜蜂產育雄蜂、秋季後的蚜蟲繁殖,就是一種產雄單性生殖,科莫多龍亦然;如果後代全為雌性,稱為「產雌單性生殖」或「產雌孤雄生殖」,例如夏季的蚜蟲繁殖,新墨西哥鞭尾蜥的繁殖等。
註釋
編輯- ^ Halliday, Tim R.; Kraig Adler (eds.). Reptiles & Amphibians. Torstar Books. 1986: p. 101. ISBN 0-920269-81-8.
- ^ Savage, Thomas F. A Guide to the Recognition of Parthenogenesis in Incubated Turkey Eggs. Oregon State University. September 12, 2005 [2006-10-11]. (原始內容存檔於2017-12-06).
- ^ 奇客Solidot | 濒临灭绝的鸟类首次被发现单性生殖. www.solidot.org. [2021-12-07]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-07).
- ^ Endangered birds experience 'virgin birth,' a first for the species. Animals. 2021-10-28 [2021-12-07]. (原始內容存檔於2022-02-07) (英語).
- ^ "Female Sharks Can Reproduce Alone, Researchers Find" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Washington Post, Wednesday, May 23, 2007; Page A02
參考文獻
編輯- Dawley, Robert M. & Bogart, James P. (1989). Evolution and Ecology of Unisexual Vertebrates. Albany, New York: New York State Museum. ISBN 1-55557-179-4.
- Fangerau H. (2005). Can Artificial Parthenogenesis sidestep ethical pitfalls in human therapeutic cloning? A historical perspective, Journal of Medical Ethics 31, 733-735
- Futuyma, Douglas J. & Slatkin, Montgomery. (1983). Coevolution. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-228-3.
- Timothy A. Hore, Robert W. Rapkins, Jennifer A. Marshall Graves. Construction and evolution of imprinted loci in mammals. Trends in Genetics: 440–448. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.07.003. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-29).
- Maynard Smith, John. (1978). The Evolution of Sex. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29302-2.
- Michod, Richard E. & Levin, Bruce R. (1988). The Evolution of Sex. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0-87893-459-6.
- Phillip C. Watts, Kevin R. Buley, Stephanie Sanderson, Wayne Boardman, Claudio Ciofi and Richard Gibson. (2006). Parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. Nature 444, 1021-1022
- Schlupp, I. (2005) The evolutionary ecology of gynogenesis. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 36: 399-417.
- Simon, Jean-Christophe, Rispe, Claude & Sunnucks, Paul. (2002). Ecology and evolution of sex in aphids. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17, 34-39.
- Stearns, Stephan C. (1988). The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences (Experientia Supplementum, Vol. 55). Boston: Birkhauser. ISBN 0-8176-1807-4.
外部連結
編輯- Parthenogenesis of Mice at Nature.com (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Reproductive behavior in whiptails at Crews Laboratory (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Types of asexual reproduction(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Parthenogenesis in Incubated Turkey Eggs (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) from Oregon State University
- National Geographic NEWS: Virgin Birth Expected at Christmas – By Komodo Dragon (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- BBC NEWS: 'Virgin births' for giant lizards (Komodo dragon)(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- REUTERS: Komodo dragon proud mum (and dad) of five
- Female sharks capable of virgin birth (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Marmorkrebs.org(頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Scientists confirm shark's 『virgin birth』 Article by Steve Szkotak AP updated 1:49 a.m. ET, Fri., Oct. 10, 2008 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)