天然產物

天然產物（英語：Natural product）是在自然界中由活生物產生的那些通常具有藥理學或生物學活性的化學物質，可被用於藥學上的藥物研發與藥物設計；而天然產物化學是運用現代化科學理論與方法研究天然藥物中化學成分的一門學科。其研究內容包括各類天然藥物的化學成分（主要是生理活性成分或藥效成分）的結構特點、物理化學性質、提取分離方法以及主要類型化學成分的結構鑑定與生物合成途徑等。

在有機化學領域，天然產物的定義通常限於從初級代謝的或次級代謝的途徑產生的天然來源分離的純化的有機化合物^[2]。在藥物化學領域，定義往往進一步局限於次級代謝產物^[3]^[4]。次級代謝產物不是生存必需品，而是為生物提供了演化的優勢^[5]。許多次級代謝產物是細胞毒性的，並且通過進化已經被選擇和被優化，用作對抗獵物，捕食者和競爭生物的「化學戰爭」藥劑^[6]。

天然產物有時具有治療疾病的傳統藥物的治療效果，產生作為藥物發現的先導化合物的活性成分的知識^[7]。雖然天然產品啟發了許多美國食品和藥物管理局批准的藥物，但天然來源的藥物開發已經受到製藥公司的減低的關注，部分原因是獲取和供應的不可靠，知識產權問題，組成的季節性或環境變異性，以及由於滅絕率上升而失去來源^[7]。

參閱

參考資料

^ Cutler S, Cutler HG. Biologically Active Natural Products: Pharmaceuticals. CRC Press. 2000: 5. ISBN 978-0-8493-1887-0.
^ Hanson JR. Natural Products: the Secondary Metabolite. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. 2003. ISBN 0-85404-490-6. Natural products are organic compounds that are formed by living systems.
^ Natural Products. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-03）（英語）. Natural products: naturally occurring compounds that are end products of secondary metabolism; often, they are unique compounds for particular organisms or classes of organisms.
^ Williams DA, Lemke TL. Chapter 1: Natural Products. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 5th. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 2002: 25 [2017-08-04]. ISBN 0-683-30737-1. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-03）. Natural product: A single chemical compound that occurs naturally. This term is typically used to refer to an organic compound of limited distribution in nature (often called secondary metabolites).
^ Maplestone RA, Stone MJ, Williams DH. The evolutionary role of secondary metabolites--a review. Gene. June 1992, 115 (1–2): 151–7. PMID 1612430. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(92)90553-2.
^ Hunter P. Harnessing Nature's wisdom. Turning to Nature for inspiration and avoiding her follies. EMBO Reports. September 2008, 9 (9): 838–40. PMC 2529361  . PMID 18762775. doi:10.1038/embor.2008.160.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Li JW, Vederas JC. Drug discovery and natural products: end of an era or an endless frontier?. Science. July 2009, 325 (5937): 161–5. PMID 19589993. doi:10.1126/science.1168243 （英語）.

[CRC_Press-1] Cutler S, Cutler HG. Biologically Active Natural Products: Pharmaceuticals. CRC Press. 2000: 5. ISBN 978-0-8493-1887-0.

[Hanson_2003-2] Hanson JR. Natural Products: the Secondary Metabolite. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. 2003. ISBN 0-85404-490-6. Natural products are organic compounds that are formed by living systems.

[3] Natural Products. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-03）（英語）. Natural products: naturally occurring compounds that are end products of secondary metabolism; often, they are unique compounds for particular organisms or classes of organisms.

[4] Williams DA, Lemke TL. Chapter 1: Natural Products. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry 5th. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 2002: 25 [2017-08-04]. ISBN 0-683-30737-1. （原始內容存檔於2016-05-03）. Natural product: A single chemical compound that occurs naturally. This term is typically used to refer to an organic compound of limited distribution in nature (often called secondary metabolites).

[pmid1612430-5] Maplestone RA, Stone MJ, Williams DH. The evolutionary role of secondary metabolites--a review. Gene. June 1992, 115 (1–2): 151–7. PMID 1612430. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(92)90553-2.

[pmid18762775-6] Hunter P. Harnessing Nature's wisdom. Turning to Nature for inspiration and avoiding her follies. EMBO Reports. September 2008, 9 (9): 838–40. PMC 2529361  . PMID 18762775. doi:10.1038/embor.2008.160.

[Li_2009-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Li JW, Vederas JC. Drug discovery and natural products: end of an era or an endless frontier?. Science. July 2009, 325 (5937): 161–5. PMID 19589993. doi:10.1126/science.1168243 （英語）.

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