奧爾德姆
奧爾德姆(英語:Oldham)是英國的一座城鎮,位於英格蘭的大曼徹斯特地區[1]。奧爾德姆和附近的數座都市共同組建奧爾德姆都市自治市,奧爾德姆則是自治市的行政中心都市。在歷史上奧爾德姆屬蘭開夏郡。奧爾德姆曾是國際紡織業中心,也是一座在工業革命期間興起的都市,在19世紀開始快速發展。奧爾德姆是首個工業化都市,並迅速發展為英格蘭最重要的棉織業中心都市之一[2]。
奧爾德姆 Oldham | |
---|---|
奧爾德姆市中心的風景 | |
面積 | 6.9平方英里(18平方公里) |
人口 | 103,544(2011年普查) |
• 人口密度 | 5,785/sq mi(2,234/km2) |
OS 格網參考 | SD922053 |
• 倫敦 | 164 mi(264 km) SSE |
都會自治市 | |
都市郡 | |
區域 | |
國家 | 英格蘭 |
主權國家 | 英國 |
郵鎮 | OLDHAM |
郵區 | OL1-OL2, OL4, OL8-OL9 |
電話區號 | 0161 |
英國國會選區 |
今日的奧爾德姆是一座以住宅為主的都市,仍然保留有很多與棉織業有關的建築物。戲劇文化頗為發達,市內有眾多文化場所。教堂是頗為著名的古跡。每年舉行有狂歡節。
奧爾德姆在2001年發生大規模暴動,白人和亞裔社區之間發生了嚴重的暴力事件,這也促進了奧爾德姆實施大規模的再生計劃。
參考資料
編輯註釋
編輯- ^ Greater Manchester Gazetteer, Greater Manchester County Record Office, Places names - O to R, [9 July 2007], (原始內容存檔於2010年9月6日)
- ^ Oldham County Borough Council, Official Handbook of Oldham, 1973
參考書籍
編輯- Bygone Oldham, True North Publishing, 1996, ISBN 1-900463-25-3
- Ballard, Elsie, A Chronicle of Crompton 2nd, Royton: Burnage Press Limited, 1986 [1967], ISBN 5-00-096678-3
- Bateson, Hartley, A Centenary History of Oldham, Oldham County Borough Council, 1949, ISBN 5-00-095162-X
- Brownbill, John; Farrer, William, A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 5, Victoria County History, 1911, ISBN 978-0-7129-1055-2
- Butterworth, Edwin, Historical Sketches of Oldham, E.J. Morten, 1981, ISBN 978-0-85972-048-9
- Carter, James, Oldham Colosseum Theatre - The first hundred years, Oldham Leisure Services, 1986, ISBN 0-902809-15-6
- Daly, J.D, Oldham From the XX Legion to the 20th Century, ISBN 5-00-091284-5
- Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928, Routledge, 23 November 2000, ISBN 978-0-415-23926-4
- Drummond, Christine, Oldham Celebrates; Events in Oldham's History, Oldham Arts and Heritage, 2005, ISBN 0-902809-58-X
- Eastham, Reginald H., Platts; Textile Machinery Makers, R.H Eastham, 1994
- Fanning, Gerry, British Mining No. 68 - Oldham Coal, Keighley: Northern Mine Research Society, 2001, ISBN 0-901450-54-5
- Foster, John, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution - Early industrial capitalism in three English towns, Weidenfield & Nicolson, 1974, ISBN 978-0-297-76681-0
- Frangopulo, N.J., Tradition in Action: The Historical Evolution of the Greater Manchester County, EP Publishing, Wakefield, 1977, ISBN 0-7158-1203-3
- Gibb, Robert, Greater Manchester: A panorama of people and places in Manchester and its surrounding towns, Myriad, 2005, ISBN 1-904736-86-6
- Gurr, Duncan; Hunt, Julian, The Cotton Mills of Oldham, Oldham Education & Leisure, 1998, ISBN 0-902809-46-6
- Kidd, Leonard, Oldham's natural history, Oldham Libraries, Art Galleries and Museums, 1977
- Llewellin, Mark, They Started Here!: The Story of Oldham Coliseum Theatre, P & D Riley Publishers, 2000, ISBN 978-1-874712-47-3
- Marlow, Joyce, The Peterloo Massacre, Rapp & Whiting, 1969, ISBN 0-85391-122-3
- McNeil, R.; Nevell, M., A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester, Association for Industrial Archaeology, 2000, ISBN 0-9528930-3-7
- McPhillips, K., Oldham: The Formative Years, Neil Richardson, 1977, ISBN 1-85216-119-1
- Millett, Freda, Images of England; Oldham, Nonsuch, 1996, ISBN 1-84588-164-8
- Nadin, Jack, The Oldham Coalfield, Tempus Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-7524-2945-0
- Oldham County Borough Council, Official Handbook of Oldham, 1973
- Sellers, Gladys, Walking the South Pennines, Cicerone Press, 1991, ISBN 978-1-85284-041-9
外部連結
編輯- www.oldham.gov.uk (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Website of Oldham Council.
- www.genuki.org.uk (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), GENUKI entry for Oldham, including genealogical data and historic descriptions.
- www.oldhamadvertiser.co.uk (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Website for one of Oldham's weekly newspapers, the Oldham Advertiser.
- www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Website for Oldham's daily newspaper, the Oldham Evening Chronicle.
- www.coliseum.org.uk/ (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館), Official website of Oldham Coliseum Theatre.
- www.oldhamcarnival.org.uk, Official website for the planning and reporting of the annual Oldham Carnival.