有羽毛恐龍列表
這是一個有關有羽毛恐龍的列表,羅列了目前發現的有羽毛印痕和其他間接證據的非鳥恐龍化石。
相關列表
編輯目前已有眾多的非鳥恐龍被發現擁有羽毛或類似皮膚衍生物。以下列表為有直接、間接證據證明的有羽毛恐龍(以發現羽毛時間排列)。粗體字型是有發現直接的羽毛痕跡;非粗體字型是代表沒有發現直接的羽毛壓痕,而是根據羽莖瘤(Quill knobs)、尾綜骨(pygostyle)等間接骨頭特徵來推測,或者是仍未確定者。標(*)記號者,則是非獸腳類恐龍的管狀刺毛或絲狀毛髮;標(?)記號者,則是仍在爭議中:
已正式命名的屬種
編輯屬、種 | 圖示 | 標本號 | 發現時間 | 羽毛證據 | 發現地點 | 地層年代 | 備註 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 印石板始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx lithographica | BMNH 37001 1st Maxberg 3rd chicken wing 9th |
1861[1][2][3] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不對稱飛羽,尾部有較小不對稱羽毛,後肢有較小飛羽 | 德國阿爾姆尤塔爾組(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鳥第1件倫敦標本 | |
2 | 西門子古鳥 Archaeornis seimensii | HMN MB. 1880/81 2nd | 1884[4] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不對稱飛羽,尾部有較小不對稱羽毛,後肢有較小飛羽 | 德國阿爾姆尤塔爾組(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鳥第2件柏林標本 | |
3 | 反曲侏鳥 Jurapteryx recurva | JM SoS 2257 5th | 1974[5][6] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不對稱飛羽,尾部有較小不對稱羽毛,後肢有較小飛羽 | 德國阿爾姆尤塔爾組(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鳥第5件愛希施泰特標本 | |
4 | 奇特擬鳥龍 Avimimus portentosus | PIN 3907/1 | 1987[7][8] | 尺骨上有羽莖瘤 | 蒙古納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特階早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
5 | 巨大韋氏鳥 Wellnhoferia grandis | Solnhofen 6th | 1988[9][10][11] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不對稱飛羽,尾部有較小不對稱羽毛,後肢有較小飛羽 | 德國阿爾姆尤塔爾組(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鳥第6件索倫霍芬標本 | |
6 | 巴伐利亞始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx bavarica | BSP 1999 I 50 7th | 1993[12] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不對稱飛羽,尾部有較小不對稱羽毛,後肢有較小飛羽 | 德國阿爾姆尤塔爾組(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鳥第7件慕尼黑標本 | |
7 | 原始中華龍鳥 Sinosauropteryx prima | GMV 2123=NIGP 127586 NIGP 127587 D 2141 IVPP V14202 |
1996[13] | 全身絲狀結構印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
8 | 強壯原始祖鳥 Protarchaeopteryx robusta | NGMC 2125 | 1997[14] | 前臂有對稱飛羽,尾巴有扇形長羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
9 | ?多鋸似鵜鶘龍 Pelecanimimus polyodon | LH 7777 | 1997[15] | 頭、頸下方及右肱骨和肘部保存下來一些皮膚衍生物,由一些近於平行的纖維狀物質構成,疑似羽毛印痕 | 西班牙拉斯奧亞斯 (La Hoyas)拉格古尼亞組(La Huerguina Formation) | 早白堊紀豪特里維階晚期到巴列姆階早期 Late Hauterivian-Early Barremian | ||
10 | 鄒氏尾羽龍 Caudipteryx zoui | NGMC 97-4-A NGMC 97-9-A BPM 0001 IVPP V11819 |
1998[16][17] | 全身絨羽,前肢尾巴對稱長羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
11 | 奧氏脅空鳥龍 Rahonavis ostromi | UA 8656 | 1998[18][19] | 尺骨上有羽莖瘤 | 馬達加斯加任加省梅法拉諾組(Maevarano Formation) | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特階 Maastrichtian | ||
12 | 沙漠鳥面龍 Shuvuuia deserti | IGM 100/977 | 1999[20] | 骨架附近保存有一些白色纖維狀殘餘物質,應為管狀羽毛印痕,包含β角蛋白 | 蒙古德加多克塔組 (Djadokhta Formation) | 晚白堊紀坎帕階晚期 Late Campanian | ||
13 | 千禧中國鳥龍 Sinornithosaurus millenii | IVPP V12811 IG-3 IG-5b |
1999[21] | 全身絲狀羽毛,前肢局部有代羽軸的短羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
14 | 意外北票龍 Beipiaosaurus inexpectus | IVPP V11559 STM31-1 |
1999[22][23] | 全身絨羽印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
15 | 董氏尾羽龍 Caudipteryx dongi | IVPP V12344 | 2000[24] | 全身絨羽,前肢尾巴對稱長羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
16 | 趙氏小盜龍 Microraptor zhaoianus | IVPP V12330 IVPP V13475 CAGS 20-7-004 CAGS 20-8-001 CAGS02-IG-gausa-1/DM 609 BMNHC PH881 |
2000[25][26][27][28][29] | 全身絨羽前後肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
17 | 戈壁天青石龍 Nomingia gobiensis | GIN 100/119 (=MPC-D 102/5) MPC-D 102/5 |
2000[30][31] | 尾綜骨 | 蒙古布古吉-特薩(Bugin Tsav)岩層 納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特階早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
18 | 保羅氏羽龍 Cryptovolans pauli | LPM 0200/0201 =BPM1 3-13 LPM 0159 |
2002[32] | 全身絨羽前後肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧北票九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
19 | 赫氏擅攀鳥龍 Scansoriopteryx heilmanni | CAGS02-IG-gausa-1/DM 607 | 2002[33] | 有類似絨毛的痕跡環繞在身體周圍排列成V樣式,最明顯的羽毛壓痕拖曳在左前臂與手部,尾巴末端羽毛痕跡 | 中國遼寧道虎溝組(Daohugou Formation) | 中侏羅紀巴通階 Bathonian | ||
20 | 寧城樹息龍 Epidendrosaurus ninchengensis | IVPP V12653 | 2002[34] | 身體類似絨毛的痕跡,前肢周圍有較長羽毛印痕,尾巴末端有模糊的扇形羽毛痕跡 | 中國內蒙古寧城縣道虎溝組(Daohugou Formation) | 中侏羅紀巴通階 Bathonian | ||
21 | 顧氏小盜龍 Microraptor gui | IVPP V13320 IVPP V13352 IVPP V17972B IVPP V17972A QM V1002 |
2003[35][36][37] | 全身絨羽前後肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
22 | 長掌義縣龍 Yixianosaurus longimanus | IVPP V12638 | 2003[38] | 絲狀羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀凡藍今階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Valanginian-Early Aptian | ||
23 | 奇異帝龍 Dilong paradoxus | IVPP 14243 | 2004[39] | 下頜尾巴絲狀羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀凡藍今階晚期豪特里維階 Late Valanginian-Hauterivian | ||
24 | 郝氏中國鳥龍 Sinornithosaurus haoiana | D 2140 | 2004[40] | 全身絲狀羽毛,前肢局部有代羽軸的短羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
25 | 道虎溝足羽龍 Pedopenna daohugouensis | IVPP V12721 | 2005[41][42] | 後肢對稱羽毛印痕 | 中國內蒙古寧城縣道虎溝組(Jiufotang Formation) | 中侏羅紀巴通階 Bathonian | ||
26 | 華美金鳳鳥 Jinfengopteryx elegans | CAGS-IG-04-0801 | 2005[43][44] | 全身絨羽,前肢尾巴有長羽毛印痕 | 中國河北豐寧化吉營組(Huajiying Formation)橋頭段(Qiaotou Member) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
27 | 斯氏侏羅獵龍 Juravenator starki | JME Sch 200 | 2006[45][46] | 臀部尾巴絲狀印痕 | 德國艾希施泰德(Schamhaupton)派恩滕組(Painten Formation) | 晚侏羅紀基米里支階 Late Kimmeridgian | 「Borsti」 | |
28 | 巨中華麗羽龍 Sinocalliopteryx gigas | JMP-V-05-8-01 CAGS-IG-T1 |
2007[47] [48] | 全身絲狀結構羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
29 | 蒙古伶盜龍 Velociraptor mongoliensis | IGM 100/981 | 2007[49] | 前臂尺骨上有6個羽莖瘤 | 蒙古巴魯恩戈約特組(Baruungoyot Formation) | 晚白堊紀坎潘階晚期 Late Campanian | ||
30 | 義縣似尾羽龍 Similicaudipteryx yixianensis | IVPP V12556 STM4-1 STM22-6 |
2008[50][51] | 前肢尾巴對稱羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
31 | 郝氏中鳥 Zhongornis haoae | D2455/6 | 2008[52][53][54] | 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
32 | 胡氏耀龍 Epidexipteryx hui | IVPP V15471 | 2008[55] | 身體覆蓋者簡易的平行羽枝構成的羽毛,尾巴附有四個長條狀羽毛,尾巴羽毛可發現羽軸、羽片等構造,但構造簡易 | 中國內蒙古寧城縣道虎溝組(Daohugou Formation) | 中侏羅紀巴通階 Bathonian | ||
33 | 赫氏近鳥龍 Anchiornis huxleyi | IVPP V14378 BMNHC PH828 LPM-B00169 YFGP-T5199 |
2009[56] | 頭部、頸部、身體、大腿及尾巴都覆蓋着絨羽印痕,四肢有對稱飛羽印痕 | 中國遼寧建昌縣髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
34 | * 孔子天宇龍 Tianyulong confuciusi | STMN 26-3 IVPP V17090 |
2009[57][58] | 頸部背部尾巴管狀刺毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
35 | ?駝背昆卡獵龍 Concavenator corcovatus | MCCM-LH 6666 | 2010[59] | 前肢尺骨保存了類似羽莖瘤的結構 | 西班牙昆卡韋爾吉納組(Calizas de La Huerguina Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期 Late Barremian | ||
36 | 奧氏天宇盜龍 Tianyuraptor ostromi | STM1-3 | 2010[60] | 疑似有細絲狀絨羽印痕 | 中國遼寧建昌義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
37 | 鄭氏曉廷龍 Xiaotingia zhengi | STM27-2 | 2011[9] | 四肢和尾巴具有飛羽,全身其他部位有細絲狀絨羽印痕 | 中國遼寧建昌縣髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
38 | 「建昌」近鳥龍 Anchiornis 「jianchangensis」 | C.0502 | 2011[61] | 頭部、頸部、身體、大腿及尾巴都覆蓋着絨羽印痕,四肢有對稱飛羽印痕 | 中國遼寧髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
39 | 華麗羽王龍 Yutyrannus huali | ZCDM V5000(IVPP FV1960) ZCDMV5001(IVPP FV1961) ELDM V1001(IVPP FV1962) |
2012[62] | 全身絨羽印痕 | 中國遼寧北票義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
40 | 漢卿小盜龍 Microraptor hanqingi | LVH 0026 | 2012[63] | 全身絨羽前後肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
41 | 阿氏似松鼠龍 Sciurumimus albersdoerferi | BMMS BK 11 | 2012[64] | 皮膚上附着有精細的、長的、髮絲狀羽毛,這些羽毛位於其身體前中部、腹部以下、背脊椎上以及尾部的背部一側 | 德國索倫霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen)羅葛靈組(Rogling Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通 Early Tithonian | ||
42 | 埃德蒙頓似鳥龍 Ornithomimus edmontonicus | TMP 1995.110.1 (塞氏似鴯鶓龍 Dromiceiomimus samueli) TMP 2008.70.1 TMP 2009.110.1 (短背似鴯鶓龍 Dromiceiomimus brevitertius) |
2012[65] | 短的、絨毛樣的羽毛,成年的樣品顯示了前肢上有着硬的中心軸 | 加拿大埃德蒙頓地區馬蹄峽谷組(Horseshoe Canyon Formation) | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特階 Maastrichtian | ||
43 | 王氏寧遠龍 Ningyuansaurus wangi | Xingcheng Confucisornis Museum specimen |
2012[66] | 全身絨羽印痕 | 中國遼西義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階 Aptian | ||
44 | 短羽始中國羽龍 Eosinopteryx brevipenna | YFGP-T5197 | 2013[67] | 前肢有長飛羽,全身覆蓋絲狀絨羽印痕 | 中國遼寧建昌縣髫髻山組 | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
45 | 徐氏曙光鳥 Aurornis xui | YFGP-T5198 | 2013[68] | 沿着尾巴基部三分之一,胸部和頸部具有羽毛痕跡 | 中國遼寧建昌縣髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
46 | 義縣建昌龍 Jianchangosaurus yixianensis | 41HIII-0308A | 2013[69] | 頸部具有絲狀羽毛痕跡 | 中國遼寧建昌義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
47 | * 烏克萊斯克庫林達羽龍 Kulindapteryx ukureica | PIN,no.5435/1a PIN 5435/56 PIN 5435/61 |
2014[70][71] | 前肢有鱗片鬃毛印痕 | 俄羅斯烏克萊卡組(Ukureiskiy Formation) | 中-晚侏羅紀巴柔-提通階 Bajocian-Trthonian | ||
48 | * 奧洛夫達烏爾龍 Daurosaurus olovus | PIN 5435/57 | 2014[70] [71] | 後肢,前肢有鱗片鬃毛印痕 | 俄羅斯烏克萊卡組(Ukureiskiy Formation) | 中-晚侏羅紀巴柔-提通階 Bajocian-Trthonian | ||
49 | 楊氏長羽盜龍 Changyuraptor yangi | HG B016 | 2014[72] | 全身絨羽前後肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
50 | * 外貝加爾庫林達奔龍 Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus | INREC K4/22 INREC K4/33 INREC K4/44 INREC K4/115 INREC K4/116 INREC K4/150 |
2014[73][74] | 後肢有簇狀羽毛印痕,軀幹和頸部均有羽毛印痕覆蓋 | 俄羅斯烏克萊卡組(Ukureiskiy Formation) | 中-晚侏羅紀巴柔-提通階 Bajocian-Trthonian | "Kulindosaurus" "Kulindodromeus" | |
51 | 奧氏葬火龍 Citipati osmolskae | MPC-D 100/978 | 2014[31] | 尾綜骨 | 蒙古納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特階早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
52 | 纖弱竊螺龍 Conchoraptor gracilis | MPC-D 100/1275 | 2014[31] | 尾綜骨 | 蒙古納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特階早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
53 | 奇異恐手龍 Deinocheirus mirificus | MPC-D 100/128 | 2014[75] | 尾綜骨 | 蒙古納摩蓋吐組(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特階早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
54 | 奇翼龍 Yi qi | STM 31-2 | 2015[76] | 全身毛羽印痕,前肢有翼膜印痕 | 中國河北青龍縣髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
55 | 孫氏振元龍 Zhenyuanlong suni | JPM-0008 | 2015[77] | 前肢和尾部有大型羽毛印痕,翅膀很大 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
56 | 斯氏達科他盜龍 Dakotaraptor steini | PBMNH.P.10.113.T | 2015[78] | 尺骨上有羽莖瘤 | 美國南達科他州地獄溪組(Hell Creek Formation) | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特階 Upper Maastrichtian | ||
57 | 有羽迷惑盜龍 Apatoraptor pennatus | TMP 1993.051.0001 | 2016[79] | 尺骨上有羽莖瘤 | 加拿大阿爾伯塔省馬蹄峽谷組(Horseshoe Canyon Formation) | 晚白堊紀坎帕階 Campanian-age | ||
58 | 滕氏嘉年華龍 Jianianhualong tengi | DLXH 1218 | 2017[80][81] | 尾部有不對稱羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixxian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
59 | 孫氏絲鳥龍 Serikornis sungei | PMOL-AB00200 | 2017[82] | 具有羽毛痕跡 | 中國遼寧髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | 『Silkie’(YFGP-T5201) | |
60 | 厚足奧斯特羅姆龍 Ostromia crassipes | TM 6928/6929 (Haarlem specimen; Teyler specimen; 4th) SNSB-BSPG 1971 I 211 |
2017[83] | 具有羽毛痕跡 | 德國阿爾姆尤塔爾組(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鳥第4件哈勒姆標本 | |
61 | 巨嵴彩虹龍 Caihong juji | PMoL-B00175 | 2018[84] | 具有羽毛痕跡 | 中國遼寧髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
62 | 艾氏始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi | SNSB BSPG VN-2010/1 (Daiting 8th) |
2018[85] | 具有羽毛印痕 | 德國默爾恩斯海姆組(Mörnsheim Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鳥第8件代廷標本 | |
63 | 干戚刑天龍 Xingtianosaurus ganqi | IVPP V13390 | 2019[86] | 具有羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
64 | 長臂渾元龍 Ambopteryx longibrachium | IVPP V24192 | 2019[87] | 全身毛羽印痕,前肢有翼膜印痕 | 中國遼寧海房溝組(Haifanggou Formation) | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
65 | 普氏阿爾特穆爾鳥 Alcmonavis poeschli | SNSB-BSPG 2017 I 133 (Mühlheim 13th) |
2019[88] | 翅膀 | 德國默爾恩斯海姆組(Mörnsheim Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鳥第13件米爾海姆標本 | |
66 | 渤海舞龍 Wulong bohaiensis | DNHM D2933 | 2020[89] | 四肢具有羽毛印痕,尾部有2條長尾羽 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
67 | 纖瘦纖手龍 Chirostenotes pergracilis | UALVP 59400 | 2020[90] | 尾綜骨 | 加拿大阿爾伯塔省恐龍公園組(Dinosaur Park Formation) | 晚白堊紀坎帕階 Campanian-age | ||
68 | 西南納瓦霍戰龍 Dineobellator notohesperus | SMP VP-2430 | 2020[91] | 前臂尺骨上有6個羽莖瘤 | 美國新墨西哥奧喬阿拉莫組( Ojo Alamo Formation) | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特期 Maastrichtian | ||
69 | 長鬃矛神龍 Ubirajara jubatus | SMNK PAL 29241 | 2020[92] | 沿尾部和背部排列的鬃毛狀原羽及肩部從體側突出的15厘米長的絲帶狀外皮結構 | 巴西塞阿拉州克拉圖組(Crato Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階 Aptian, Early Cretaceous | 為克拉圖組發現的第一個非鳥類恐龍 | |
70 | 王氏達斡爾龍 Daurlong wangi | IMMNH-PV00731 | 2022[93] | 在頭骨後部到頸部、尾部邊緣保存了羽毛痕跡 | 中國內蒙古龍江組(Longjiang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous |
未定種、未正式命名或描述的標本
編輯標本號 | 可能的屬、種 | 圖示 | 發現羽毛時間 | 羽毛證據 | 發現地點 | 地層年代 | 備註 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AC 1/7 | 雙脊龍科相似種 cf. Dilophosauridae ? | 1997[94][95] | 異足龍足跡 Anomoepus,可能是一個獸腳類恐龍的休息跡,包括足印和跗骨印記,在足跡後方有一個恥骨印記。印跡上有類似毛髮的一些印痕,這些毛髮應該位於這隻動物的大腿和腹部 | 美國南哈德利(South Hadley)康涅狄格河谷 | 早侏羅紀 | ||
2 | GMV 2124 | 疑似中華龍鳥未定種 Sinosauropteryx? sp. | 1997[96][97][98] | 全身絲狀結構羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
3 | IVPP V12430 | 尾羽龍未定種 Caudipteryx sp. | 2000[17] | 前肢尾巴對稱羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixtan Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
4 | NGMC 91(「Dave」) | 小盜龍亞科未定種 Microraptorinae | 2001[99] | 全身絲狀羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
5 | fossil skin Alan Detrich lab |
?霸王龍 Tyrannosaurus rex | 2001[100]。 | 皮膚化石,無鱗片,有類似雞皮疙瘩的突起,推測長有羽毛 | 北美洲 | 晚白堊紀晚馬斯特里赫特階 Late Maastrichtian | ||
6 | SMF R 4970 | *鸚鵡嘴龍未定種 Psittacosaurus sp. | 2002[101] | 尾巴管狀刺毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
7 | NGMC 00-12-A | 中國鳥龍未定種 Sinornithosaurus sp. | 2002[102] | 全身絨羽前後肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
8 | Wenya Museum DNO: 087 |
未知小盜龍類 Microraptoria | 2002[103] | 全身羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
9 | IVPP V13351 IVPP V13476 TNP00996 |
小盜龍未定種 Microraptor sp. | 2003[104] | 全身絨羽前後肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
10 | IVPP V13477 | 馳龍科未定種 Dromaeosauridae gen. et sp. | 2003[104] | 全身絨羽前後肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
11 | IVPP V11579 | 帝龍未定種 Dilong sp. | 2004[39] | 頸部尾巴絲狀結構印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀凡藍今階晚期豪特里維階 Late Valanginian-Hauterivian | ||
12 | WDC-CSG-100,10th | 始祖鳥未定種 Archaeopteryx sp. | 2005[105] | 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 德國索倫霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen) | 晚侏羅紀早提通階 Early Tithonian | 瑟馬普利斯標本 Thermopolis specimen | |
13 | 傷齒龍類? Troodontid | 2006[106] | 全身羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Aptian | |||
14 | BHI #126717 「LANE」 | ?*三角龍未定種 Triceratops sp. | 2008[107][108]。 | 皮膚化石,背部尾部有突起痕跡,類似管狀刺毛 | 北美洲 | 晚白堊紀晚馬斯特里赫特階 Late Maastrichtian | ||
15 | STM1-1 | 華夏頜龍 Huaxiagnathus | 2009[109][110] | 全身絲狀結構羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
16 | STM1-4 | 暴龍類? Tyrannosauroid | 2009[109][110] | 頸部尾巴絲狀結構印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
17 | STM1-5 | 暴龍類 Tyrannosauroid | 2010[111] | 頸部尾巴絲狀結構印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
18 | fossil skin, University of Chicago Paul Sereno lab |
?霸王龍 Tyrannosaurus rex | 2012[112]。 | 皮膚化石,無鱗片痕跡,推測長有羽毛 | 北美洲 | 晚白堊紀晚馬斯特里赫特階 Late Maastrichtian | ||
19 | TMP 2007.20.4 | ?埃德蒙頓似鳥龍 Ornithomimus edmontonicus(鴯鶓龍未定相似種 D. sp. indet.) | 2012[65] | 疑似羽莖瘤 | 加拿大埃德蒙頓地區 | 晚白堊紀馬斯特里赫特階 Maastrichtian | ||
20 | PVSJ 512 | ?月亮谷始盜龍 Eoraptor lunensis | 2013[113] | 3-5節脊椎上有雜亂的絲狀疑似毛髮痕跡 | 阿根廷伊斯巨拉斯托組(Ischigualasto Formation) | 晚三疊紀早卡尼階 Early Carnian | ||
21 | 11th | 始祖鳥未定種 Archaeopteryx sp. | 2014[114] | 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 德國索倫霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen) | 晚侏羅紀早提通階 Early Tithonian | 奧特姆爾標本 Altmühl specimen | |
22 | PIN,nos.5435/13 5435/14 5435/23a.b 5435/47 5435/48 5435/59a.b |
* 棱齒龍屬種未定 Hypsilophodontia indet. | 2014[70] [71] | 鱗片鬃毛印痕 | 俄羅斯烏克萊卡組(Ukureiskiy Formation) | 中-晚侏羅紀巴柔-提通階 Bajocian-Trthonian | ||
23 | PMOL-AD00113 | 似尾羽龍未定種 Similicaudipteryx sp. | 2014[115] | 尾綜骨 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufuotannd Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
24 | YFGP-T5200 | 基幹鳥翼類 basalmost Avialae | 2014[116] | 具有羽毛痕跡 | 中國遼寧髫髻山組 | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
25 | PMOL-AD00055 | 小盜龍亞科未定種 Microraptorinae | 2015[117] | 具有羽毛痕跡 | 中國遼寧建昌九佛堂組 | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
26 | UALVP 52531 | 似鳥龍未定種 Ornithomimus sp. | 2015[118] | 背部、腹側、股骨遠端、尾部上面有較短羽毛的印痕 | 加拿大阿爾伯塔省恐龍公園組(Dinosaur Park Formation) | 上白堊統上坎潘階 Upper Campanian | 可能被歸為塞氏似鴯鶓龍 Dromiceiomimus samueli | |
27 | IVPP V13476 | 小盜龍亞科 Microraptorinae | 2016[119] | 尾部,下肢絲狀羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
28 | DIP-V-15103 「Eva」 | 手盜龍類 Maniraptora | 2016[120] | 琥珀中的有羽毛尾部 | 緬甸北部克欽邦胡康河谷組(Hukawng Valley Formation) | 中白堊統諾曼森階 Albian-Cenomanian | ||
29 | STM-0-9、STM-0-114 STM-0-118、STM-0-125 STM-0-127、STM-0-132 STM-0-133、STM-0-144 STM-0-147 |
近鳥龍 Anchiornis | 2017[121] | 頭部、頸部、身體、大腿及尾巴都覆蓋着絨羽印痕,四肢有對稱飛羽印痕 | 中國遼寧建昌縣髫髻山組(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏羅紀巴通-牛津階 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
30 | 12th | 始祖鳥 未定種 Archaeopteryx sp. | 2018[122] | 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 德國派恩滕組(Painten Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階 Early Tithonian | 施哈普滕標本 Schamhaupten specimen | |
31 | 13th | 始祖鳥 未定種 Archaeopteryx ? | 2024[123][124] | 具有羽毛印痕 | 德國阿爾姆尤塔爾組(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏羅紀提通階早期 Early Tithonian | 芝加哥標本(Chicago specimen) |
備註
某些鳥臀目恐龍(鸚鵡嘴龍、天宇龍及庫林達奔龍)與翼龍目的毛,與獸腳類恐龍的原始羽毛,可能是同源演化的結果,也有可能不是。[125][126]三角龍可能有獨特的皮膚結構。根據一個目前還沒有經過敘述的標本顯示,三角龍的身體可能覆蓋者類似鬃毛的結構,在這具化石的腹部鱗片類似於鱷魚腹部的帶狀鱗片,背部和尾部皮膚上有一些拳頭大的突起,中心部位有乳突狀的結構,該結構類似於固定豪豬類的剛毛的結構,比較相似更原始的鸚鵡嘴龍的尾部毛狀結構[107][108]。駝背昆卡獵龍的前肢有像羽莖瘤的結構,這是其他有羽毛恐龍也有的結構,羽莖瘤的結構簡單及空心,就像虛骨龍類及一些鳥臀目,如天宇龍及鸚鵡嘴龍[127]。
有一些物種有大量的有羽毛印痕的化石發現,許多化石還沒有經過整理描述,在中國有許多博物館及私人收藏家收藏有大量的此類化石,其中位於中國山東平邑縣的天宇自然博物館就收藏有有羽毛印痕的馳龍類標本400件左右,近鳥龍標本250件左右,熱河鳥類100件左右。[110]
在一些最新的研究中認為,始祖鳥並不是鳥類,而是一種小型獸腳類恐龍。有一些研究指所有的始祖鳥標本都是屬於同一物種。[128]但是標本之間亦存在明顯的分別。就如慕尼黑、愛希施特、索倫霍芬及瑟馬普利斯標本就較倫敦、柏林及哈勒姆標本小或是更大型,有着不同的腳趾比例、更細長的鼻端、向前的牙齒排列及可能存在的胸骨。這些差別就像(或更大)現今不同種鳥類之間的差別。可是這些差別亦可以不同年齡作為解釋。2017年的一項研究認為第四件標本哈勒姆標本是一種近鳥類,並重新命名。2019年研究者將一件2017年發現前肢標本(發現時認為是第十三件標本)鑑定為鳥翼類新種。2024年第十三件標本芝加哥標本被公佈。
- 印石板始祖鳥Archaeopteryx lithographica 羽毛標本(HMN.Ab.100; BSP coll.) 後來作為所有標本的命名,馬克斯柏格標本(Opitsch coll.; Maxberg specimen; 3rd)、雞翅標本(Burgermeister-Muller Museum coll.; chicken wing; 9th)
- 大尾始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx macrura 倫敦標本(BMNH 37001; London specimen;1st)
- 西門子古鳥 Archaeornis siemensii = 西門子始祖鳥Archaeopteryx siemensii 柏林標本(HMN MB. 1880/81; Berlin specimen; 2nd)
- 反曲侏鳥 Jurapteryx recurva = 反曲始祖鳥Archaeopteryx recurva 愛希施泰特標本(JM SoS 2257; Eichstatt specimen; 5th)
- 偉大烏禾爾龍 Wellnhoferia grandis 索倫霍芬標本(Burgermeister Muller Museum coll.; Solnhofen specimen; 6th)
- 巴伐利亞始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx bavarica 慕尼黑標本(前稱索倫霍芬AV標本)(BSP 1999 I 50; Munich specimen; Solnhofen-Aktien-Verein specimen; 7th)
- 厚足奧斯特羅姆龍 Ostromia crassipes 哈勒姆標本(又稱泰勒斯標本)(TM 6928/29; Haarlem specimen; Teyler specimen; 4th)
- 艾氏始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi 代廷標本(private coll.; Daiting specimen; 8th),相對於其他標本處於較新的地層
- 普氏阿爾特穆爾鳥 Alcmonavis poeschli 米爾海姆標本(Mühlheim specimen)
- 始祖鳥未定種 Archaeopteryx sp. 瑟馬普利斯標本(WDC-CSG-100; Thermopolis specimen; 10th)、奧特姆爾標本(Altmühl specimen; 11th)、施哈普滕標本(Schamhaupten specimen; 12th)、芝加哥標本(Chicago specimen; 13th)
有幾種有羽毛的初鳥類一般在一些討論中被列為鳥類,但在另外一些討論中也被列為恐龍
屬、種 | 圖示 | 標本號 | 發現羽毛時間 | 羽毛證據 | 發現地點 | 地層年代 | 備註 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 原始熱河鳥 Jeholornis prima | IVPP V13274 IVPP V13353 IVPP V13350 |
2002[129] | 全身絨羽羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
2 | 中華神州鳥 Shenzhouraptor sinensis | LPM 0193 | 2002[130] | 全身絨羽羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
3 | 東方吉祥鳥 Jixiangornis orientalis | CDPC-02-04-001 | 2002[131] | 全身絨羽羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧義縣組(Yixian Formation) | 早白堊紀巴列姆階晚期到阿普第階早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
4 | 粗頜大連鳥 Dalianraptor cuhe | D2139 | 2005[132] | 全身絨羽羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
5 | 棕尾熱河鳥 Jeholornis palmapenis | SDM 20090109.1/2 | 2011[133] | 全身絨羽印痕尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
6 | 熱河鳥未定種 Jeholornis sp. | STM2-18、STM2-8 STM2-11、STM2-23 STM2-37、STM3-3 STM3-4、STM3-30 STM2-51 |
2013[134][135] | 全身絨羽印痕尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組 (Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
7 | 曲足熱河鳥 Jeholornis curvipes | YFGP-yb2 | 2014[136] | 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
8 | 原始福井鳥 Fukuipteryx prima | FPDM-V-9769 | 2019[137] | 尾綜骨 | 日本福井北谷層(Kitadani Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
9 | 長尾優雅鳥 Kompsornis longicaudus | AGB-6997 | 2020[138] | 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian | ||
10 | 直掌內蒙鳥 Neimengornis rectusmim | IMMNH-PV00122 | 2021[139] | 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 | 中國遼寧九佛堂組(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白堊紀阿普第階早期 Early Albian |
- 熱河鳥、神州鳥、吉祥鳥、優雅鳥、大連鳥可以歸為熱河鳥形類(Jeholornithiformes),這些物種的形態比較接近,大小與形態同金鳳鳥、中國鳥龍、小盜龍、耀龍和近鳥龍也比較接近,熱河鳥與神州鳥被認為是同一物種,也有人認為吉祥鳥也是同一物種,但是認同的不多,也有人認為大連鳥也是一種熱河鳥。
單獨發現並命名的羽毛化石
編輯屬、種 | 圖示 | 標本號 | 發現時間 | 發現地點 | 地層年代 | 備註 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 印石板始祖鳥 Archaeopteryx lithographica | HMN.Ab.100 | 1861[1] | 德國下松霍芬砂岩(Upper Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone) | 晚侏羅世,提通期早期 | ||
2 | 薩雷蘇白堊小鳥 Cretaaviculus sarysuensis | 羽毛標本 | 1969[140] | 哈薩克斯坦博斯托貝組(Bostobe Formation) | 晚白堊世,桑托期 | ||
3 | 沙氏前鳥 Praeornis sharovi | PIN 2585/32 ZPAL V 32/967 |
1978[141][142] | 哈薩克斯坦巴拉班賽組(Balabansai Formation) | 侏羅紀中晚期, 卡洛夫期-啟莫里期 | ||
4 | 維氏萊里達羽鳥 Ilerdopteryx viai | LP-715 IEI LP-1327 IEI LP IEI coll. seven body feathers |
1985[143] | 西班牙La Pedrera de Rubies Lithographic Limestones Formation | 早白堊世,貝里亞期-巴列姆期 |
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相關條目
編輯外部連結
編輯- Downy Dinos on EvoWiki
- DinoBuzz (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館),dinosaur-bird controversy explained, by UC Berkeley.
- Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology,with many articles on dinosaur-bird links.
- Life-like images of feathered dinosaurs
- Feathered dinosaurs (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) at the American Museum of Natural History