有羽毛恐龙列表
这是一个有关有羽毛恐龙的列表,罗列了目前发现的有羽毛印痕和其他间接证据的非鸟恐龙化石。
相关列表
编辑目前已有众多的非鸟恐龙被发现拥有羽毛或类似皮肤衍生物。以下列表为有直接、间接证据证明的有羽毛恐龙(以发现羽毛时间排列)。粗体字型是有发现直接的羽毛痕迹;非粗体字型是代表没有发现直接的羽毛压痕,而是根据羽茎瘤(Quill knobs)、尾综骨(pygostyle)等间接骨头特征来推测,或者是仍未确定者。标(*)记号者,则是非兽脚类恐龙的管状刺毛或丝状毛发;标(?)记号者,则是仍在争议中:
已正式命名的属种
编辑属、种 | 图示 | 标本号 | 发现时间 | 羽毛证据 | 发现地点 | 地层年代 | 备注 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 印石板始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx lithographica | BMNH 37001 1st Maxberg 3rd chicken wing 9th |
1861[1][2][3] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 | 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鸟第1件伦敦标本 | |
2 | 西门子古鸟 Archaeornis seimensii | HMN MB. 1880/81 2nd | 1884[4] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 | 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鸟第2件柏林标本 | |
3 | 反曲侏鸟 Jurapteryx recurva | JM SoS 2257 5th | 1974[5][6] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 | 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鸟第5件爱希施泰特标本 | |
4 | 奇特拟鸟龙 Avimimus portentosus | PIN 3907/1 | 1987[7][8] | 尺骨上有羽茎瘤 | 蒙古纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
5 | 巨大韦氏鸟 Wellnhoferia grandis | Solnhofen 6th | 1988[9][10][11] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 | 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鸟第6件索伦霍芬标本 | |
6 | 巴伐利亚始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx bavarica | BSP 1999 I 50 7th | 1993[12] | 羽毛印痕,前肢有不对称飞羽,尾部有较小不对称羽毛,后肢有较小飞羽 | 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鸟第7件慕尼黑标本 | |
7 | 原始中华龙鸟 Sinosauropteryx prima | GMV 2123=NIGP 127586 NIGP 127587 D 2141 IVPP V14202 |
1996[13] | 全身丝状结构印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
8 | 强壮原始祖鸟 Protarchaeopteryx robusta | NGMC 2125 | 1997[14] | 前臂有对称飞羽,尾巴有扇形长羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
9 | ?多锯似鹈鹕龙 Pelecanimimus polyodon | LH 7777 | 1997[15] | 头、颈下方及右肱骨和肘部保存下来一些皮肤衍生物,由一些近于平行的纤维状物质构成,疑似羽毛印痕 | 西班牙拉斯奥亚斯 (La Hoyas)拉格古尼亚组(La Huerguina Formation) | 早白垩纪豪特里维阶晚期到巴列姆阶早期 Late Hauterivian-Early Barremian | ||
10 | 邹氏尾羽龙 Caudipteryx zoui | NGMC 97-4-A NGMC 97-9-A BPM 0001 IVPP V11819 |
1998[16][17] | 全身绒羽,前肢尾巴对称长羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
11 | 奥氏胁空鸟龙 Rahonavis ostromi | UA 8656 | 1998[18][19] | 尺骨上有羽茎瘤 | 马达加斯加任加省梅法拉诺组(Maevarano Formation) | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶 Maastrichtian | ||
12 | 沙漠鸟面龙 Shuvuuia deserti | IGM 100/977 | 1999[20] | 骨架附近保存有一些白色纤维状残余物质,应为管状羽毛印痕,包含β角蛋白 | 蒙古德加多克塔组 (Djadokhta Formation) | 晚白垩纪坎帕阶晚期 Late Campanian | ||
13 | 千禧中国鸟龙 Sinornithosaurus millenii | IVPP V12811 IG-3 IG-5b |
1999[21] | 全身丝状羽毛,前肢局部有代羽轴的短羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
14 | 意外北票龙 Beipiaosaurus inexpectus | IVPP V11559 STM31-1 |
1999[22][23] | 全身绒羽印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
15 | 董氏尾羽龙 Caudipteryx dongi | IVPP V12344 | 2000[24] | 全身绒羽,前肢尾巴对称长羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
16 | 赵氏小盗龙 Microraptor zhaoianus | IVPP V12330 IVPP V13475 CAGS 20-7-004 CAGS 20-8-001 CAGS02-IG-gausa-1/DM 609 BMNHC PH881 |
2000[25][26][27][28][29] | 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
17 | 戈壁天青石龙 Nomingia gobiensis | GIN 100/119 (=MPC-D 102/5) MPC-D 102/5 |
2000[30][31] | 尾综骨 | 蒙古布古吉-特萨(Bugin Tsav)岩层 纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
18 | 保罗氏羽龙 Cryptovolans pauli | LPM 0200/0201 =BPM1 3-13 LPM 0159 |
2002[32] | 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁北票九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
19 | 赫氏擅攀鸟龙 Scansoriopteryx heilmanni | CAGS02-IG-gausa-1/DM 607 | 2002[33] | 有类似绒毛的痕迹环绕在身体周围排列成V样式,最明显的羽毛压痕拖曳在左前臂与手部,尾巴末端羽毛痕迹 | 中国辽宁道虎沟组(Daohugou Formation) | 中侏罗纪巴通阶 Bathonian | ||
20 | 宁城树息龙 Epidendrosaurus ninchengensis | IVPP V12653 | 2002[34] | 身体类似绒毛的痕迹,前肢周围有较长羽毛印痕,尾巴末端有模糊的扇形羽毛痕迹 | 中国内蒙古宁城县道虎沟组(Daohugou Formation) | 中侏罗纪巴通阶 Bathonian | ||
21 | 顾氏小盗龙 Microraptor gui | IVPP V13320 IVPP V13352 IVPP V17972B IVPP V17972A QM V1002 |
2003[35][36][37] | 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
22 | 长掌义县龙 Yixianosaurus longimanus | IVPP V12638 | 2003[38] | 丝状羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪凡蓝今阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Valanginian-Early Aptian | ||
23 | 奇异帝龙 Dilong paradoxus | IVPP 14243 | 2004[39] | 下颌尾巴丝状羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪凡蓝今阶晚期豪特里维阶 Late Valanginian-Hauterivian | ||
24 | 郝氏中国鸟龙 Sinornithosaurus haoiana | D 2140 | 2004[40] | 全身丝状羽毛,前肢局部有代羽轴的短羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
25 | 道虎沟足羽龙 Pedopenna daohugouensis | IVPP V12721 | 2005[41][42] | 后肢对称羽毛印痕 | 中国内蒙古宁城县道虎沟组(Jiufotang Formation) | 中侏罗纪巴通阶 Bathonian | ||
26 | 华美金凤鸟 Jinfengopteryx elegans | CAGS-IG-04-0801 | 2005[43][44] | 全身绒羽,前肢尾巴有长羽毛印痕 | 中国河北丰宁化吉营组(Huajiying Formation)桥头段(Qiaotou Member) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
27 | 斯氏侏罗猎龙 Juravenator starki | JME Sch 200 | 2006[45][46] | 臀部尾巴丝状印痕 | 德国艾希施泰德(Schamhaupton)派恩滕组(Painten Formation) | 晚侏罗纪基米里支阶 Late Kimmeridgian | “Borsti” | |
28 | 巨中华丽羽龙 Sinocalliopteryx gigas | JMP-V-05-8-01 CAGS-IG-T1 |
2007[47] [48] | 全身丝状结构羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
29 | 蒙古伶盗龙 Velociraptor mongoliensis | IGM 100/981 | 2007[49] | 前臂尺骨上有6个羽茎瘤 | 蒙古巴鲁恩戈约特组(Baruungoyot Formation) | 晚白垩纪坎潘阶晚期 Late Campanian | ||
30 | 义县似尾羽龙 Similicaudipteryx yixianensis | IVPP V12556 STM4-1 STM22-6 |
2008[50][51] | 前肢尾巴对称羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
31 | 郝氏中鸟 Zhongornis haoae | D2455/6 | 2008[52][53][54] | 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
32 | 胡氏耀龙 Epidexipteryx hui | IVPP V15471 | 2008[55] | 身体覆盖者简易的平行羽枝构成的羽毛,尾巴附有四个长条状羽毛,尾巴羽毛可发现羽轴、羽片等构造,但构造简易 | 中国内蒙古宁城县道虎沟组(Daohugou Formation) | 中侏罗纪巴通阶 Bathonian | ||
33 | 赫氏近鸟龙 Anchiornis huxleyi | IVPP V14378 BMNHC PH828 LPM-B00169 YFGP-T5199 |
2009[56] | 头部、颈部、身体、大腿及尾巴都覆盖着绒羽印痕,四肢有对称飞羽印痕 | 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
34 | * 孔子天宇龙 Tianyulong confuciusi | STMN 26-3 IVPP V17090 |
2009[57][58] | 颈部背部尾巴管状刺毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
35 | ?驼背昆卡猎龙 Concavenator corcovatus | MCCM-LH 6666 | 2010[59] | 前肢尺骨保存了类似羽茎瘤的结构 | 西班牙昆卡韦尔吉纳组(Calizas de La Huerguina Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期 Late Barremian | ||
36 | 奥氏天宇盗龙 Tianyuraptor ostromi | STM1-3 | 2010[60] | 疑似有细丝状绒羽印痕 | 中国辽宁建昌义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
37 | 郑氏晓廷龙 Xiaotingia zhengi | STM27-2 | 2011[9] | 四肢和尾巴具有飞羽,全身其他部位有细丝状绒羽印痕 | 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
38 | “建昌”近鸟龙 Anchiornis “jianchangensis” | C.0502 | 2011[61] | 头部、颈部、身体、大腿及尾巴都覆盖着绒羽印痕,四肢有对称飞羽印痕 | 中国辽宁髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
39 | 华丽羽王龙 Yutyrannus huali | ZCDM V5000(IVPP FV1960) ZCDMV5001(IVPP FV1961) ELDM V1001(IVPP FV1962) |
2012[62] | 全身绒羽印痕 | 中国辽宁北票义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
40 | 汉卿小盗龙 Microraptor hanqingi | LVH 0026 | 2012[63] | 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
41 | 阿氏似松鼠龙 Sciurumimus albersdoerferi | BMMS BK 11 | 2012[64] | 皮肤上附着有精细的、长的、发丝状羽毛,这些羽毛位于其身体前中部、腹部以下、背脊椎上以及尾部的背部一侧 | 德国索伦霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen)罗葛灵组(Rogling Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通 Early Tithonian | ||
42 | 埃德蒙顿似鸟龙 Ornithomimus edmontonicus | TMP 1995.110.1 (塞氏似鸸鹋龙 Dromiceiomimus samueli) TMP 2008.70.1 TMP 2009.110.1 (短背似鸸鹋龙 Dromiceiomimus brevitertius) |
2012[65] | 短的、绒毛样的羽毛,成年的样品显示了前肢上有着硬的中心轴 | 加拿大埃德蒙顿地区马蹄峡谷组(Horseshoe Canyon Formation) | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶 Maastrichtian | ||
43 | 王氏宁远龙 Ningyuansaurus wangi | Xingcheng Confucisornis Museum specimen |
2012[66] | 全身绒羽印痕 | 中国辽西义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶 Aptian | ||
44 | 短羽始中国羽龙 Eosinopteryx brevipenna | YFGP-T5197 | 2013[67] | 前肢有长飞羽,全身覆盖丝状绒羽印痕 | 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组 | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
45 | 徐氏曙光鸟 Aurornis xui | YFGP-T5198 | 2013[68] | 沿着尾巴基部三分之一,胸部和颈部具有羽毛痕迹 | 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
46 | 义县建昌龙 Jianchangosaurus yixianensis | 41HIII-0308A | 2013[69] | 颈部具有丝状羽毛痕迹 | 中国辽宁建昌义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
47 | * 乌克莱斯克库林达羽龙 Kulindapteryx ukureica | PIN,no.5435/1a PIN 5435/56 PIN 5435/61 |
2014[70][71] | 前肢有鳞片鬃毛印痕 | 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) | 中-晚侏罗纪巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian | ||
48 | * 奥洛夫达乌尔龙 Daurosaurus olovus | PIN 5435/57 | 2014[70] [71] | 后肢,前肢有鳞片鬃毛印痕 | 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) | 中-晚侏罗纪巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian | ||
49 | 杨氏长羽盗龙 Changyuraptor yangi | HG B016 | 2014[72] | 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
50 | * 外贝加尔库林达奔龙 Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus | INREC K4/22 INREC K4/33 INREC K4/44 INREC K4/115 INREC K4/116 INREC K4/150 |
2014[73][74] | 后肢有簇状羽毛印痕,躯干和颈部均有羽毛印痕覆盖 | 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) | 中-晚侏罗纪巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian | "Kulindosaurus" "Kulindodromeus" | |
51 | 奥氏葬火龙 Citipati osmolskae | MPC-D 100/978 | 2014[31] | 尾综骨 | 蒙古纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
52 | 纤弱窃螺龙 Conchoraptor gracilis | MPC-D 100/1275 | 2014[31] | 尾综骨 | 蒙古纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
53 | 奇异恐手龙 Deinocheirus mirificus | MPC-D 100/128 | 2014[75] | 尾综骨 | 蒙古纳摩盖吐组(Nemegt Formation) | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶早期 Early Maastrichtian | ||
54 | 奇翼龙 Yi qi | STM 31-2 | 2015[76] | 全身毛羽印痕,前肢有翼膜印痕 | 中国河北青龙县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
55 | 孙氏振元龙 Zhenyuanlong suni | JPM-0008 | 2015[77] | 前肢和尾部有大型羽毛印痕,翅膀很大 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
56 | 斯氏达科他盗龙 Dakotaraptor steini | PBMNH.P.10.113.T | 2015[78] | 尺骨上有羽茎瘤 | 美国南达科他州地狱溪组(Hell Creek Formation) | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶 Upper Maastrichtian | ||
57 | 有羽迷惑盗龙 Apatoraptor pennatus | TMP 1993.051.0001 | 2016[79] | 尺骨上有羽茎瘤 | 加拿大阿尔伯塔省马蹄峡谷组(Horseshoe Canyon Formation) | 晚白垩纪坎帕阶 Campanian-age | ||
58 | 滕氏嘉年华龙 Jianianhualong tengi | DLXH 1218 | 2017[80][81] | 尾部有不对称羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixxian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
59 | 孙氏丝鸟龙 Serikornis sungei | PMOL-AB00200 | 2017[82] | 具有羽毛痕迹 | 中国辽宁髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ‘Silkie’(YFGP-T5201) | |
60 | 厚足奥斯特罗姆龙 Ostromia crassipes | TM 6928/6929 (Haarlem specimen; Teyler specimen; 4th) SNSB-BSPG 1971 I 211 |
2017[83] | 具有羽毛痕迹 | 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鸟第4件哈勒姆标本 | |
61 | 巨嵴彩虹龙 Caihong juji | PMoL-B00175 | 2018[84] | 具有羽毛痕迹 | 中国辽宁髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
62 | 艾氏始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi | SNSB BSPG VN-2010/1 (Daiting 8th) |
2018[85] | 具有羽毛印痕 | 德国默尔恩斯海姆组(Mörnsheim Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鸟第8件代廷标本 | |
63 | 干戚刑天龙 Xingtianosaurus ganqi | IVPP V13390 | 2019[86] | 具有羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
64 | 长臂浑元龙 Ambopteryx longibrachium | IVPP V24192 | 2019[87] | 全身毛羽印痕,前肢有翼膜印痕 | 中国辽宁海房沟组(Haifanggou Formation) | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
65 | 普氏阿尔特穆尔鸟 Alcmonavis poeschli | SNSB-BSPG 2017 I 133 (Mühlheim 13th) |
2019[88] | 翅膀 | 德国默尔恩斯海姆组(Mörnsheim Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian | 始祖鸟第13件米尔海姆标本 | |
66 | 渤海舞龙 Wulong bohaiensis | DNHM D2933 | 2020[89] | 四肢具有羽毛印痕,尾部有2条长尾羽 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous | ||
67 | 纤瘦纤手龙 Chirostenotes pergracilis | UALVP 59400 | 2020[90] | 尾综骨 | 加拿大阿尔伯塔省恐龙公园组(Dinosaur Park Formation) | 晚白垩纪坎帕阶 Campanian-age | ||
68 | 西南纳瓦霍战龙 Dineobellator notohesperus | SMP VP-2430 | 2020[91] | 前臂尺骨上有6个羽茎瘤 | 美国新墨西哥奥乔阿拉莫组( Ojo Alamo Formation) | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特期 Maastrichtian | ||
69 | 长鬃矛神龙 Ubirajara jubatus | SMNK PAL 29241 | 2020[92] | 沿尾部和背部排列的鬃毛状原羽及肩部从体侧突出的15厘米长的丝带状外皮结构 | 巴西塞阿拉州克拉图组(Crato Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶 Aptian, Early Cretaceous | 为克拉图组发现的第一个非鸟类恐龙 | |
70 | 王氏达斡尔龙 Daurlong wangi | IMMNH-PV00731 | 2022[93] | 在头骨后部到颈部、尾部边缘保存了羽毛痕迹 | 中国内蒙古龙江组(Longjiang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous |
未定种、未正式命名或描述的标本
编辑标本号 | 可能的属、种 | 图示 | 发现羽毛时间 | 羽毛证据 | 发现地点 | 地层年代 | 备注 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AC 1/7 | 双脊龙科相似种 cf. Dilophosauridae ? | 1997[94][95] | 异足龙足迹 Anomoepus,可能是一个兽脚类恐龙的休息迹,包括足印和跗骨印记,在足迹后方有一个耻骨印记。印迹上有类似毛发的一些印痕,这些毛发应该位于这只动物的大腿和腹部 | 美国南哈德利(South Hadley)康涅狄格河谷 | 早侏罗纪 | ||
2 | GMV 2124 | 疑似中华龙鸟未定种 Sinosauropteryx? sp. | 1997[96][97][98] | 全身丝状结构羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
3 | IVPP V12430 | 尾羽龙未定种 Caudipteryx sp. | 2000[17] | 前肢尾巴对称羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixtan Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
4 | NGMC 91(“Dave”) | 小盗龙亚科未定种 Microraptorinae | 2001[99] | 全身丝状羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
5 | fossil skin Alan Detrich lab |
?霸王龙 Tyrannosaurus rex | 2001[100]。 | 皮肤化石,无鳞片,有类似鸡皮疙瘩的突起,推测长有羽毛 | 北美洲 | 晚白垩纪晚马斯特里赫特阶 Late Maastrichtian | ||
6 | SMF R 4970 | *鹦鹉嘴龙未定种 Psittacosaurus sp. | 2002[101] | 尾巴管状刺毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
7 | NGMC 00-12-A | 中国鸟龙未定种 Sinornithosaurus sp. | 2002[102] | 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
8 | Wenya Museum DNO: 087 |
未知小盗龙类 Microraptoria | 2002[103] | 全身羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
9 | IVPP V13351 IVPP V13476 TNP00996 |
小盗龙未定种 Microraptor sp. | 2003[104] | 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
10 | IVPP V13477 | 驰龙科未定种 Dromaeosauridae gen. et sp. | 2003[104] | 全身绒羽前后肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
11 | IVPP V11579 | 帝龙未定种 Dilong sp. | 2004[39] | 颈部尾巴丝状结构印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪凡蓝今阶晚期豪特里维阶 Late Valanginian-Hauterivian | ||
12 | WDC-CSG-100,10th | 始祖鸟未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. | 2005[105] | 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 德国索伦霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen) | 晚侏罗纪早提通阶 Early Tithonian | 瑟马普利斯标本 Thermopolis specimen | |
13 | 伤齿龙类? Troodontid | 2006[106] | 全身羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Aptian | |||
14 | BHI #126717 “LANE” | ?*三角龙未定种 Triceratops sp. | 2008[107][108]。 | 皮肤化石,背部尾部有突起痕迹,类似管状刺毛 | 北美洲 | 晚白垩纪晚马斯特里赫特阶 Late Maastrichtian | ||
15 | STM1-1 | 华夏颌龙 Huaxiagnathus | 2009[109][110] | 全身丝状结构羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
16 | STM1-4 | 暴龙类? Tyrannosauroid | 2009[109][110] | 颈部尾巴丝状结构印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
17 | STM1-5 | 暴龙类 Tyrannosauroid | 2010[111] | 颈部尾巴丝状结构印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
18 | fossil skin, University of Chicago Paul Sereno lab |
?霸王龙 Tyrannosaurus rex | 2012[112]。 | 皮肤化石,无鳞片痕迹,推测长有羽毛 | 北美洲 | 晚白垩纪晚马斯特里赫特阶 Late Maastrichtian | ||
19 | TMP 2007.20.4 | ?埃德蒙顿似鸟龙 Ornithomimus edmontonicus(鸸鹋龙未定相似种 D. sp. indet.) | 2012[65] | 疑似羽茎瘤 | 加拿大埃德蒙顿地区 | 晚白垩纪马斯特里赫特阶 Maastrichtian | ||
20 | PVSJ 512 | ?月亮谷始盗龙 Eoraptor lunensis | 2013[113] | 3-5节脊椎上有杂乱的丝状疑似毛发痕迹 | 阿根廷伊斯巨拉斯托组(Ischigualasto Formation) | 晚三叠纪早卡尼阶 Early Carnian | ||
21 | 11th | 始祖鸟未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. | 2014[114] | 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 德国索伦霍芬石灰岩(Solnhofen) | 晚侏罗纪早提通阶 Early Tithonian | 奥特姆尔标本 Altmühl specimen | |
22 | PIN,nos.5435/13 5435/14 5435/23a.b 5435/47 5435/48 5435/59a.b |
* 棱齿龙属种未定 Hypsilophodontia indet. | 2014[70] [71] | 鳞片鬃毛印痕 | 俄罗斯乌克莱卡组(Ukureiskiy Formation) | 中-晚侏罗纪巴柔-提通阶 Bajocian-Trthonian | ||
23 | PMOL-AD00113 | 似尾羽龙未定种 Similicaudipteryx sp. | 2014[115] | 尾综骨 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufuotannd Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
24 | YFGP-T5200 | 基干鸟翼类 basalmost Avialae | 2014[116] | 具有羽毛痕迹 | 中国辽宁髫髻山组 | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
25 | PMOL-AD00055 | 小盗龙亚科未定种 Microraptorinae | 2015[117] | 具有羽毛痕迹 | 中国辽宁建昌九佛堂组 | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
26 | UALVP 52531 | 似鸟龙未定种 Ornithomimus sp. | 2015[118] | 背部、腹侧、股骨远端、尾部上面有较短羽毛的印痕 | 加拿大阿尔伯塔省恐龙公园组(Dinosaur Park Formation) | 上白垩统上坎潘阶 Upper Campanian | 可能被归为塞氏似鸸鹋龙 Dromiceiomimus samueli | |
27 | IVPP V13476 | 小盗龙亚科 Microraptorinae | 2016[119] | 尾部,下肢丝状羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
28 | DIP-V-15103 “Eva” | 手盗龙类 Maniraptora | 2016[120] | 琥珀中的有羽毛尾部 | 缅甸北部克钦邦胡康河谷组(Hukawng Valley Formation) | 中白垩统诺曼森阶 Albian-Cenomanian | ||
29 | STM-0-9、STM-0-114 STM-0-118、STM-0-125 STM-0-127、STM-0-132 STM-0-133、STM-0-144 STM-0-147 |
近鸟龙 Anchiornis | 2017[121] | 头部、颈部、身体、大腿及尾巴都覆盖着绒羽印痕,四肢有对称飞羽印痕 | 中国辽宁建昌县髫髻山组(Tiaojishan Formation) | 中晚侏罗纪巴通-牛津阶 Bathonian-Oxfordian | ||
30 | 12th | 始祖鸟 未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. | 2018[122] | 前肢尾巴羽毛印痕 | 德国派恩滕组(Painten Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶 Early Tithonian | 施哈普滕标本 Schamhaupten specimen | |
31 | 13th | 始祖鸟 未定种 Archaeopteryx ? | 2024[123][124] | 具有羽毛印痕 | 德国阿尔姆尤塔尔组(Altmühltal Formation) | 晚侏罗纪提通阶早期 Early Tithonian | 芝加哥标本(Chicago specimen) |
备注
某些鸟臀目恐龙(鹦鹉嘴龙、天宇龙及库林达奔龙)与翼龙目的毛,与兽脚类恐龙的原始羽毛,可能是同源演化的结果,也有可能不是。[125][126]三角龙可能有独特的皮肤结构。根据一个目前还没有经过叙述的标本显示,三角龙的身体可能覆盖者类似鬃毛的结构,在这具化石的腹部鳞片类似于鳄鱼腹部的带状鳞片,背部和尾部皮肤上有一些拳头大的突起,中心部位有乳突状的结构,该结构类似于固定豪猪类的刚毛的结构,比较相似更原始的鹦鹉嘴龙的尾部毛状结构[107][108]。驼背昆卡猎龙的前肢有像羽茎瘤的结构,这是其他有羽毛恐龙也有的结构,羽茎瘤的结构简单及空心,就像虚骨龙类及一些鸟臀目,如天宇龙及鹦鹉嘴龙[127]。
有一些物种有大量的有羽毛印痕的化石发现,许多化石还没有经过整理描述,在中国有许多博物馆及私人收藏家收藏有大量的此类化石,其中位于中国山东平邑县的天宇自然博物馆就收藏有有羽毛印痕的驰龙类标本400件左右,近鸟龙标本250件左右,热河鸟类100件左右。[110]
在一些最新的研究中认为,始祖鸟并不是鸟类,而是一种小型兽脚类恐龙。有一些研究指所有的始祖鸟标本都是属于同一物种。[128]但是标本之间亦存在明显的分别。就如慕尼黑、爱希施特、索伦霍芬及瑟马普利斯标本就较伦敦、柏林及哈勒姆标本小或是更大型,有着不同的脚趾比例、更细长的鼻端、向前的牙齿排列及可能存在的胸骨。这些差别就像(或更大)现今不同种鸟类之间的差别。可是这些差别亦可以不同年龄作为解释。2017年的一项研究认为第四件标本哈勒姆标本是一种近鸟类,并重新命名。2019年研究者将一件2017年发现前肢标本(发现时认为是第十三件标本)鉴定为鸟翼类新种。2024年第十三件标本芝加哥标本被公布。
- 印石板始祖鸟Archaeopteryx lithographica 羽毛标本(HMN.Ab.100; BSP coll.) 后来作为所有标本的命名,马克斯柏格标本(Opitsch coll.; Maxberg specimen; 3rd)、鸡翅标本(Burgermeister-Muller Museum coll.; chicken wing; 9th)
- 大尾始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx macrura 伦敦标本(BMNH 37001; London specimen;1st)
- 西门子古鸟 Archaeornis siemensii = 西门子始祖鸟Archaeopteryx siemensii 柏林标本(HMN MB. 1880/81; Berlin specimen; 2nd)
- 反曲侏鸟 Jurapteryx recurva = 反曲始祖鸟Archaeopteryx recurva 爱希施泰特标本(JM SoS 2257; Eichstatt specimen; 5th)
- 伟大乌禾尔龙 Wellnhoferia grandis 索伦霍芬标本(Burgermeister Muller Museum coll.; Solnhofen specimen; 6th)
- 巴伐利亚始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx bavarica 慕尼黑标本(前称索伦霍芬AV标本)(BSP 1999 I 50; Munich specimen; Solnhofen-Aktien-Verein specimen; 7th)
- 厚足奥斯特罗姆龙 Ostromia crassipes 哈勒姆标本(又称泰勒斯标本)(TM 6928/29; Haarlem specimen; Teyler specimen; 4th)
- 艾氏始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx albersdoerferi 代廷标本(private coll.; Daiting specimen; 8th),相对于其他标本处于较新的地层
- 普氏阿尔特穆尔鸟 Alcmonavis poeschli 米尔海姆标本(Mühlheim specimen)
- 始祖鸟未定种 Archaeopteryx sp. 瑟马普利斯标本(WDC-CSG-100; Thermopolis specimen; 10th)、奥特姆尔标本(Altmühl specimen; 11th)、施哈普滕标本(Schamhaupten specimen; 12th)、芝加哥标本(Chicago specimen; 13th)
有几种有羽毛的初鸟类一般在一些讨论中被列为鸟类,但在另外一些讨论中也被列为恐龙
属、种 | 图示 | 标本号 | 发现羽毛时间 | 羽毛证据 | 发现地点 | 地层年代 | 备注 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 原始热河鸟 Jeholornis prima | IVPP V13274 IVPP V13353 IVPP V13350 |
2002[129] | 全身绒羽羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
2 | 中华神州鸟 Shenzhouraptor sinensis | LPM 0193 | 2002[130] | 全身绒羽羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
3 | 东方吉祥鸟 Jixiangornis orientalis | CDPC-02-04-001 | 2002[131] | 全身绒羽羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁义县组(Yixian Formation) | 早白垩纪巴列姆阶晚期到阿普第阶早期 Late Barremian-Early Aptian | ||
4 | 粗颌大连鸟 Dalianraptor cuhe | D2139 | 2005[132] | 全身绒羽羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
5 | 棕尾热河鸟 Jeholornis palmapenis | SDM 20090109.1/2 | 2011[133] | 全身绒羽印痕尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
6 | 热河鸟未定种 Jeholornis sp. | STM2-18、STM2-8 STM2-11、STM2-23 STM2-37、STM3-3 STM3-4、STM3-30 STM2-51 |
2013[134][135] | 全身绒羽印痕尾巴羽毛印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组 (Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
7 | 曲足热河鸟 Jeholornis curvipes | YFGP-yb2 | 2014[136] | 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
8 | 原始福井鸟 Fukuipteryx prima | FPDM-V-9769 | 2019[137] | 尾综骨 | 日本福井北谷层(Kitadani Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
9 | 长尾优雅鸟 Kompsornis longicaudus | AGB-6997 | 2020[138] | 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian | ||
10 | 直掌内蒙鸟 Neimengornis rectusmim | IMMNH-PV00122 | 2021[139] | 全身羽毛印痕尾羽印痕 | 中国辽宁九佛堂组(Jiufotang Formation) | 早白垩纪阿普第阶早期 Early Albian |
- 热河鸟、神州鸟、吉祥鸟、优雅鸟、大连鸟可以归为热河鸟形类(Jeholornithiformes),这些物种的形态比较接近,大小与形态同金凤鸟、中国鸟龙、小盗龙、耀龙和近鸟龙也比较接近,热河鸟与神州鸟被认为是同一物种,也有人认为吉祥鸟也是同一物种,但是认同的不多,也有人认为大连鸟也是一种热河鸟。
单独发现并命名的羽毛化石
编辑属、种 | 图示 | 标本号 | 发现时间 | 发现地点 | 地层年代 | 备注 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 印石板始祖鸟 Archaeopteryx lithographica | HMN.Ab.100 | 1861[1] | 德国下松霍芬砂岩(Upper Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone) | 晚侏罗世,提通期早期 | ||
2 | 萨雷苏白垩小鸟 Cretaaviculus sarysuensis | 羽毛标本 | 1969[140] | 哈萨克斯坦博斯托贝组(Bostobe Formation) | 晚白垩世,桑托期 | ||
3 | 沙氏前鸟 Praeornis sharovi | PIN 2585/32 ZPAL V 32/967 |
1978[141][142] | 哈萨克斯坦巴拉班赛组(Balabansai Formation) | 侏罗纪中晚期, 卡洛夫期-启莫里期 | ||
4 | 维氏莱里达羽鸟 Ilerdopteryx viai | LP-715 IEI LP-1327 IEI LP IEI coll. seven body feathers |
1985[143] | 西班牙La Pedrera de Rubies Lithographic Limestones Formation | 早白垩世,贝里亚期-巴列姆期 |
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相关条目
编辑外部链接
编辑- Downy Dinos on EvoWiki
- DinoBuzz (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),dinosaur-bird controversy explained, by UC Berkeley.
- Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology,with many articles on dinosaur-bird links.
- Life-like images of feathered dinosaurs
- Feathered dinosaurs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) at the American Museum of Natural History