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第二次高麗契丹戰爭

第二次高麗契丹戰爭，發生在11世紀遼朝（契丹）和高麗之間的衝突，戰場在今中國和朝鮮邊境。高麗契丹戰爭一共三次，第一次在993年，本次在1010年，第三次在1018年。

第二次高麗契丹戰爭
高麗契丹戰爭的一部分
日期1010-1011
地點
朝鮮半島北部
結果

遼國戰術勝利後撤軍

  • 遼國攻陷高麗首都開城[1]但是國王顯宗逃到羅州[2]
  • 遼國撤軍後，承諾朝貢契丹[3]，但沒有協定，導致新一輪戰役[4]
參戰方
高麗 遼朝
指揮官與領導者
康兆†
楊規†
金叔興†
大道秀（被俘）
河拱辰		 遼聖宗
蕭排押[5]
兵力
400,000[5]
傷亡與損失
損失嚴重，主力被消滅 小於15,000

997年，高麗第六代國王成宗去世，遼朝冊封他的繼任者王誦為國王（高麗穆宗，997年-1009年在位）[6]1009年，穆宗被將軍康兆殺害[7]。以此為藉口，遼國次年出兵高麗[8]。遼國初戰失利，但贏得了第二場戰役獲勝，康兆被俘殺[5]。遼國大軍佔領並燒毀了高麗國都開城[1][9][10]但是高麗第六代國王顯宗已經逃到羅州[2]。之後高麗答應與遼朝重申朝貢關係，遼朝撤出開城。[3]遼軍無法立足，避免和重新集結的高麗軍衝突，遼朝部隊撤退。[4]高麗顯宗求和，但是遼聖宗要求他親自來朝拜，並且割讓重要的邊境地區。高麗朝廷拒絕了這一要求，導致兩國十年之間依然保持敵意，雙方加強邊境的戰備。[4][11]遼朝在1015年、1016年、1017年先後攻打高麗，但結果史書記載不清。[12]

參見

編輯

註釋

編輯
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Simons 1995, p. 95: "a prelude to more invasions during the reign of King Hyonjong (1010-1031) and the occupation of Kaesong, the Koryo capital."
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Nahm 1988, p. 89.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Simons 1995, p. 93: "a second Liao incursion resulted in heavy losses, the sacking of Kaesong, and the imposition of Liao suzerainty over the Koryo state."
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge University Press. 1978: 111 [30 July 2016]. ISBN 9780521243315. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-25） （英語）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p.111.
  6. ^ Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p.104.
  7. ^ Hyun 2013, p. 191.
  8. ^ Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p. 111: "The Khitan sent an expeditionary army ... to punish the murderer of their former vassal".
  9. ^ Hatada, Smith Jr & Hazard 1969, p. 52: "in the reign of King Hyŏnjong (1010-1031) there were numerous Khitan invasions, and even the capital Kaesŏng was occupied."
  10. ^ Ebrey & Walthall 2014, [1]，第171頁，載於Google圖書: "In 1010, on the pretext that the rightful king had been deposed without the approval of the Liao court, the Khitan emperor personally led an attack that culminated in the burning of the Goryeo capital."
  11. ^ Simons 1995, p. 93: "a second Liao incursion resulted in heavy losses, the sacking of Kaesong, and the imposition of Liao suzerainty over the Koryo state." p. 95: "a prelude to more invasions during the reign of King Hyonjong (1010-1031) and the occupation of Kaesong, the Koryo capital."
  12. ^ Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge University Press. 1978: 111 [30 July 2016]. ISBN 9780521243315. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-12） （英語）. From 1015 to 1019 there was incessant warfare, with attacks on Koryŏ in 1015, 1016, and 1017 in which victory went sometimes to Koryŏ, sometimes to the Khitan, but in sum were indecisive. 

參考文獻

編輯
  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne, Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Third Edition, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2014, ISBN 978-1-133-60651-2 .
  • Hatada, Takashi; Smith Jr, Warren W.; Hazard, Benjamin H., A History of Korea, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 1969, ISBN 0-87436-064-1 .
  • Hyun, Jeongwon, Gift Exchange among States in East Asia during the Eleventh Century (Thesis (Ph.D.)), University of Washington, 2013, hdl:1773/24231 .
  • Simons, Geoff, Korea: The Search for Sovereignty, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1995, ISBN 0-312-12531-3 .
  • Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter, The Liao, Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (編), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 43–153, 1994, ISBN 0-521-24331-9 .
  • Nahm, Andrew C., Korea: Tradition & Transformation: A History of the Korean People, Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym, 1988, ISBN 0-930878-56-6 .
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