腦砂
腦砂（Corpora arenacea、brain sand、acervuli[1][2]、corpus arenaceum[3]）是松果體和脈絡叢等大腦區域的鈣化結構。年老的生物體內有許多的腦砂，其功能暫時是未知的。腦砂的濃度會隨着生物體年齡的增長而增加，因此隨着時間的流逝，通常在第三十年或第四十年中，松果體在X射線的照射下會變得越來越明顯。 它們有時在影像診斷學中用作解剖標誌物[4]。有化學分析表明，它們由羥磷灰石[5]、碳酸鈣、磷酸鎂、磷酸銨[6]及方解石沉積物[7]組成。
參考資料
編輯- ^ Vígh, B; Szél, A; Debreceni, K; Fejér, Z; Manzano e Silva, MJ; Vígh-Teichmann, I. Comparative histology of pineal calcification.. Histology and histopathology. 1998-07, 13 (3): 851–70 [2020-01-13]. PMID 9690142. doi:10.14670/HH-13.851. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-13）.
- ^ Kim, J; Kim, HW; Chang, S; Kim, JW; Je, JH; Rhyu, IJ. Growth patterns for acervuli in human pineal gland.. Scientific reports. 2012, 2: 984 [2020-01-13]. PMID 23248747. doi:10.1038/srep00984. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-13）.
- ^ Tomonari, Y; Sato, J; Wako, Y; Tsuchitani, M. Age-related Histological Findings in the Pineal Gland of Crl:CD(SD) Rats.. Journal of toxicologic pathology. 2012-12, 25 (4): 287–91 [2020-01-13]. PMID 23345933. doi:10.1293/tox.25.287. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-13）.
- ^ thesis:The Effect of Fluoride on the Physiology of the Pineal Gland (PDF). [2020-01-13]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-12-15）.
The calcified pineal is used as a landmark in skull X- rays because of its radio-opacity
- ^ ANGERVALL, L; BERGER, S; ROCKERT, H. A microradiographic and x-ray crystallographic study of calcium in the pineal body and in intracranial tumours.. Acta pathologica et microbiologica Scandinavica. 1958, 44 (2): 113–9 [2020-01-13]. PMID 13594470. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1958.tb01060.x. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-13）.
- ^ Bocchi, G; Valdre, G. Physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of carbonate-hydroxyapatite concretions of the human pineal gland.. Journal of inorganic biochemistry. 1993-02-15, 49 (3): 209–20 [2020-01-13]. PMID 8381851. doi:10.1016/0162-0134(93)80006-u. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-13）.
- ^ Baconnier, S; Lang, SB; Polomska, M; Hilczer, B; Berkovic, G; Meshulam, G. Calcite microcrystals in the pineal gland of the human brain: first physical and chemical studies.. Bioelectromagnetics. 2002-10, 23 (7): 488–95 [2020-01-13]. PMID 12224052. doi:10.1002/bem.10053. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-13）.
外部連結
編輯- Histology image: 14401loa – 波士頓大學的組織學學習系統
- Histology image: 41_03 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center - "Pineal gland"
