語言相對論
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 |
此條目需要精通或熟悉相關主題的編者參與及協助編輯。 |
語言相對論（英語：linguistic relativity），有時也被稱為薩丕爾-沃夫假說（英語：Sapir–Whorf hypothesis）認為語言結構影響其使用者的世界觀或認知，因此人類的感知與思考模式與其所使用的語言相關。
該理論首先由語言學家兼人類學家愛德華·薩丕爾（Edward Sapir）及其學生本傑明·李·沃夫所提出，是一門關於人類語言的心理學、語言學假說。這項學說認為，人類的思考模式受到其使用語言的影響，因而對同一事物時可能會有不同的看法，不過這項學說引起了一些爭議，也招致了一些批評。基於以上爭議，後來產生不同的修正版本：其一於二次大戰前提出語言決定思想為強勢版本；其二於近代提倡，認為語言結構僅影響認知的溫和版本，介紹如下[1]：
- 語言相對論的強勢版本，又稱為語言決定論，提出語言決定思考模式，故語言結構限制並決定其認知結構，此一版本已於現代普遍被認為是不正確的論述。[2]
- 語言相對論的溫和版本，認為語言結構及使用可能影響思考模式及決策方式。該版本較受到相關實證研究結果的分析認可。[3]
薩丕爾-沃夫假說一稱通常被認為是錯誤的，原因是兩位學者並未曾合著研究或以假說的形式陳述其論點。以上版本的區別也是由後續學者延伸發展。[4][5]
語言決定論認為語言決定思考模式，不同語系的語言看待世界的方式都不一樣，也就呈現了各種語言彼此間的相對性，所以任何民族的語言都與其文化和生活環境的需要一起成長和改變。
歷史
編輯語言相對論的概念首先由19世紀的兩位德國思想家，威廉·馮·洪堡以及約翰·戈特弗里德·赫爾德所提出，認為語言作為表現國家精神的方式。20世紀初兩位美國人類學家法蘭茲·鮑亞士與愛德華·薩丕爾也於1928年的美國語言學會[6]支持這樣的概念，薩丕爾尤其反對語言決定論觀點。
薩丕爾的學生，本傑明·李·沃夫，在他發表語言差異影響人類認知與行為的相關觀察後，成為假說的主要之支持者。薩丕爾另一位學生，哈利·霍耶，引入薩丕爾-沃夫假說[7]，儘管兩位學者從未正式推廣類似的理論。[8]其中，強勢版本於1920年代由德國語言學家魏斯格貝爾持續發展。經羅傑·布朗和埃里克·勒納伯格進行了實驗，為了探究不同語言使用者，是否在辨別顏色程度上有所不同，使得沃夫的語言相對論成為可測試的假設。
其他領域
編輯在流行文化中
編輯姜峯楠的短篇小說《你一生的故事》（英文：Story of Your Life）提到了薩丕爾-沃夫假說；[來源請求]2016年美國電影《天煞異降》根據《你一生的故事》改編上映。
參考文獻
編輯- Andrews, David, The Russian color categories sinij and goluboj: An experimental analysis of their interpretation in the standard and emigré languages, Journal of Slavic Linguistics, 1994, 2: 9–28
- Athanasopoulos, Panos, Cognitive representation of colour in bilinguals: The case of Greek blues, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2009, 12 (1): 83–95, doi:10.1017/S136672890800388X
- Berlin, Brent & Paul Kay, Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969
- Boroditsky, Lera, Wendy Ham & Michael Ramscar, What is universal in event perception? Comparing English & Indonesian speakers, W. D. Gray & C. D. Schunn (編), Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002
- Brown, R. & Eric Lenneberg, A study in language and cognition, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1954, 49 (3): 454–462, doi:10.1037/h0057814
- Brown, R., In Memorial Tribute to Eric Lenneberg, Cognition, 1976, 4 (2): 125–153, doi:10.1016/0010-0277(76)90001-9
- Casasanto, Daniel, Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Whorf? Crosslinguistic Differences in Temporal Language and Thought, Language Learning, 2008, 58 (1): 79, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00462.x
- Cook, Vivian & Benedetta Bassetti, Language and Bilingual Cognition, Hove: Psychology Press, 2010
- Dinwoodie, David W., Time and the Individual in Native North America, Sergei Kan; Pauline Turner Strong; Raymond Fogelson (編), New Perspectives on Native North America: Cultures, Histories, And Representations, U of Nebraska, 2006
- Drivonikou, G. V., P. Kay,T. Regier, R. B. Ivry, A. L. Gilbert, A. Franklin & I. R. L. Davies, Further evidence that Whorfian effects are stronger in the right visual field than the left, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, 104 (3): 1097–1102, PMC 1783370
, PMID 17213312, doi:10.1073/pnas.0610132104 - Everett, Caleb, Linguistic Relativity: Evidence Across Languages and Cognitive Domains, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2013
- Fishman, Joshua A., Positive bilingualism: Some overlooked rationales and forefathers, J. E. Alatis (Ed.) (編), International dimensions of bilingual education, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press: 42–52., 1978
- Fishman, Joshua A., Whorfianism of the third kind: Ethnolinguistic diversity as a worldwide societal asset, Language in Society, 1982, 11: 1–14, doi:10.1017/S0047404500009015
- Gilbert, Aubrey L., Terry Regier, Paul Kay & Richard B. Ivry, Support for lateralization of the Whorf effect beyond the realm of color discrimination (PDF), Brain and Language, 2008, 105 (2): 91–98 [2013-09-21], PMID 17628656, doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2007.06.001, （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-25）
- Graham, Paul, Beating the Averages, Essays, April 2003 [2009-05-15], （原始內容存檔於2013-06-26）
- Gumperz, John; Levinson, Stephen (編), Rethinking Linguistic Relativity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996
- Hill, Jane H & Bruce Mannheim, Language and World view, Annual Review of Anthropology, 1992, 21: 381–406, doi:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002121
- Hoijer, Harry (編), Language in culture: Conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954
- Lakoff, George, Women, fire, and dangerous things, University Of Chicago Press, 1987
- Leavitt, John, Linguistic Relativities: Language Diversity and Modern Thought, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-76782-8
- Lee, Penny, The Whorf Theory Complex — A Critical Reconstruction, John Benjamins, 1996
- Lenneberg, Eric; A. M. Brown, The Language of Experience: a Study in Methodology, Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics (Baltimore: Waverly Press), 1956
- Lenneberg, Eric, Cognition in Ethnolinguistics, Language (Linguistic Society of America), 1953, 29 (4): 463–471, JSTOR 409956, doi:10.2307/409956
- Levinson, Stephen C., Language and Space, Annual review of Anthropology, 1996, 25: 353–82, doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.25.1.353
- Levinson, Stephen C., Yeli Dnye and the Theory of Basic Color Terms, Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 2000, 10 (1): 3–55, doi:10.1525/jlin.2000.10.1.3
- Levinson, Stephen C, Foreword, Carroll, John B; Levinson, Stephen C; Lee, Penny (編), Language, Thought and Reality 2nd, Cambridge, Mass/London, UK: MIT Press: vii–xxiii, 2012, ISBN 978-0-262-51775-1
- Lucy, John A., Grammatical Categories and Cognition: A Case Study of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992a
- Lucy, John A., Language Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992b
- Lucy, John A., Linguistic Relativity, Annual Review of Anthropology, 1997, 26: 291–312, doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.291
- Lucy, John A., The Scope of Linguistic Relativity:An analysis of Empirical Research, Gumperz, John; Levinson, Stephen (編), Rethinking Linguistic Relativity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 37–69, 1996
- Lucy, J. A. & Wertsch, J., Vygotsky and Whorf: A comparative analysis, M. Hickmann (編), Social and functional approaches to language and thought, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.: 67–86, 1987
- Malotki, Ekkehart, Werner Winter , 編, Hopi Time: A Linguistic Analysis of the Temporal Concepts in the Hopi Language, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs (Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers), 1983, 20
- Niemeier, Susanne & René Dirven (eds), Evidence for linguistic relativity, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000, ISBN 978-90-272-3705-7
- Pavlenko, Aneta, New approaches to concepts in bilingual memory, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1999, 2 (3): 209–230, doi:10.1017/S1366728999000322
- Phillips, Webb, & Lera Boroditsky, Can quirks of grammar affect the way you think? Grammatical gender and object concepts, R. Alterman & D. Kirsh (編), Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Boston: Cognitive Science Society, 2003
- Pinker, Steven, The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language, Perennial, 1994
- Pullum, Geoffrey, The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax and other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language (PDF), Chicaco University Press, 1991 [2013-09-21], （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-10-02）
- Pula, R, The Nietzche-Korzybski-Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?, ETC Review of General Semantics, 1992, 49 (1): 50–57
- Pütz, Martin; Verspoor, Marjolyn (編), Explorations in linguistic relativity, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000, ISBN 978-90-272-3706-4
- Sapir, Edward, Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech, Harcourt, Brace, 1921
- Sapir, Edward, David G. Mandelbaum , 編, Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture, and Personality, University of California Press, 1983
- Schultz, Emily Ann, Dialogue at the Margins: Whorf, Bakhtin, and Linguistic Relativity, University of Wisconsin Press, 1990
- Seidner, Stanley S., Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective, Bruxelles: Centre de recherche sur le pluralinguismePress, 1982
- Seuren, Pieter A. M., Western linguistics: An historical introduction, Wiley-blackwell, 1998, ISBN 0-631-20891-7
- Trager, George L., The Systematization of the Whorf Hypothesis, Anthropological Linguistics (Operational Models in Synchronic Linguistics: A Symposium Presented at the 1958 Meetings of the American Anthropological Association), 1959, 1 (1): 31–35
- Whorf, Benjamin, John B. Carroll (ed.) , 編, Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, MIT Press, 1956
- Wolff, K. J.; Holmes, Linguistic relativity, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science (PDF) (2): 253–265, 2011 [2013-09-21], （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2013-07-18）
延伸閱讀
編輯- Deutscher, Guy, Does Your Language Shape How You Think?, New York Times Magazine, Aug 26, 2010, 26 August 2010 [2012-12-23], （原始內容存檔於2021-02-11）
- Deutscher, Guy, Through the Language Glass: Why the World Looks Different in Other Languages, Arrow Books, 2011 [2012-12-23], ISBN 978-0-09-950557-0, （原始內容存檔於2017-07-11）
- Everett, Dan, Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language (PDF), Current Anthropology, 2005, 46 (4) [2012-12-23], （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012-05-15）
- Kay, Paul & Willet Kempton, What is the Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis?, American Anthropologist, 1984, 86 (1): 65–79, doi:10.1525/aa.1984.86.1.02a00050
- Kay, Paul & Chad K. McDaniel, The Linguistic Significance of Meanings of Basic Color Terms, Language (Linguistic Society of America), 1978, 54 (3): 610–646, JSTOR 412789, doi:10.2307/412789
- O'Neill, Sean, Cultural Contact and Linguistic Relativity Among the Indians of Northwestern California, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8061-3922-6
參閲
編輯外部連結
編輯- Babies think before they speak says Harvard professor
- The Great Whorf Hypothesis Hoax by Dan Moonhawk Alford （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）.
- How Does Our Language Shape The Way We Think? （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Effects of grammatical gender on human thought
- ^ Boroditsky, Lera; Liberman, Mark. For and Against Linguistic Relativity. The Economist (The Economist Newspaper Limited). 13–23 December 2010 [19 September 2019]. （原始內容存檔於15 February 2012）. (a debate between university professors)
- ^ Ahearn, Laura M. Living language : an introduction to linguistic anthropology. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. 2012: 69. ISBN 978-1-4443-4056-3. OCLC 729731177.
- ^ Ottenheimer, Harriet. The anthropology of language : an introduction to linguistic anthropology 2nd. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 2009: 33–34. ISBN 978-0-495-50884-7. OCLC 216940204.
- ^ Koerner, E. F. Konrad. The Sapir‐Whorf Hypothesis: A Preliminary History and a Bibliographical Essay. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 1992-12, 2 (2) [2024-01-21]. ISSN 1055-1360. doi:10.1525/jlin.1992.2.2.173. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-08） （英語）.
- ^ Kennison, Shelia M. Introduction to language development. Introduction to language development. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4129-9606-8.
- ^ Koerner, E. F. Konrad. The Sapir‐Whorf Hypothesis: A Preliminary History and a Bibliographical Essay. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 1992-12, 2 (2) [2024-01-21]. ISSN 1055-1360. doi:10.1525/jlin.1992.2.2.173. （原始內容存檔於2024-03-08） （英語）.
- ^ Warnock, G. J. Language in Culture: Conference on the inter-relations of Language and other aspects of Culture. Edited by Harry Hoijer. (University of Chicago Press. 1954.). Philosophy. 1956-07, 31 (118). ISSN 0031-8191. doi:10.1017/s0031819100057491.
- ^ Hill, Jane H.; Mannheim, Bruce. Language and World View. Annual Review of Anthropology. 1992-10, 21 (1) [2024-01-21]. ISSN 0084-6570. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.21.100192.002121. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-21） （英語）.